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oai:gdddrjournal.com:393090 2016-12-30 gdddr

An Insight About the Drug Release Mechanisms from Different Dosage Forms Hafsa Shahid Ayesha Ahmed Ammarah Ashraf Nida Rashid Mubashir Rehman Drug Release Mechanisms Dosage Forms Drugs Parenteral Diffusion A process in which drug comes out from drug product and exposed to ADME and finally become accessible for pharmacological activity is known as drug release and mechanism involves the study of its rate and factors influencing its rate. Factors influencing the rate of drug release are drug related, polymer related and formulation variables. Drug delivery systems are discriminated on the basis of way drug is delivered, which are immediate release and modified release. Parenteral dosage forms are the most prominent among different dosage forms. The mechanisms involved in drug release are diffusion and dissolution-controlled processes. Nasal disposal basically depends on the particle size, its geometry and rate of airflow. Nasal sprays are commonly used than powders and gels. Buccal and sublingual systems show more effective drug release mechanisms than oral and transdermal systems. Main focus of paper is to elaborate different mechanisms performed by drug delivery systems for drug release. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. d Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/an-insight-about-the-drug-release-mechanisms-from-different-dosage-forms https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2016(I-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393091 2016-12-30 gdddr

Pharmacokinetic Modeling Concepts: Compartmental and Non-compartmental approach for Drug Designing Duaa Aslam Chaudhry Urooj Fatima Kainat Waqar Mubashar Rehman Pharmacokinetic Models Compartments Parameters Drug Concentration Pharmacokinetic modeling helps to estimate the ADME parameters of all the natural and synthetic drug substances in humans and animals. There are two types of approaches for predicting the kinetic processes inside the body i.e., model approach and model independent approach. Model approach is further divided into compartmental and physiological models and model independent approach consists of non-compartmental models. Compartmental modeling is the most widely used approach. It visually shows the rate processes of drug deposition and also predict the drug concentration time graph. Compartmental model consists of catenary and mammillary models. Mammillary models can either be one compartment, multi compartment or two compartments. The physiologically based pharmacokinetic models consists of compartments that correlates with various body tissues, connected by blood circulatory system. Another name for noncompartmental analysis is model-independent approach that means it does not require any compartment model. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/pharmacokinetic-modeling-concepts-compartmental-and-noncompartmental-approach-for-drug-designing https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2016(I-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393092 2016-12-30 gdddr

Oral Drug Delivery to the Experimental Animals, A Mini Review Arif Paiman Ahmad Mohammadi Rafia Inam Aqsa Ameen Mubashar Rehman Oral Administration Experimental Animal Cannula In several pharmacologic, pharmacology, and alternative medicine studies, oral administration of medication or test substances to experimental animals is needed. It is clinically sound and recommended to administer test substances to experimental animals along the same route that they are taken or expected to be taken by humans as general bioavailability; the pharmacology and pharmacology parameters obtained for the drug will depend significantly on the route chosen to administer it. The lack of ready access to high-quality oral tubing built for different species, as well as a widespread lack of technical expertise to properly use out-of-the-box techniques in this part of the world, has made this route controversial among medicine scientists. The typical problems and difficulties associated with the oral administration of test product solutions were avoided by mistreating either the syringe alone or incorporating it into the animals feeds or drinkables. This jury-rigged oral tubing was also used to ensure that the expected doses were correctly administered in each case. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/oral-drug-delivery-to-the-experimental-animals-a-mini-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2016(I-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393093 2016-12-30 gdddr

A Comprehensive Insight on Pharmacokinetics Urooj Naseem Fatima Iqbal Gul Shahnaz Pharmacokinetics Absorption Distribution Metabolism Pharmacokinetics can be defined as what the body does to a drug. The basic parameters of pharmacokinetics are discussed here including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Characteristics and pathways taken by these drugs are determined by these parameters. The mechanism followed by these parameters are also discussed. Furthermore, the factors affecting these parameters including physicochemical factors, physical factors and pharmaceutical factors are also explored. Different routes of drug absorption and main barriers to drug distribution are also explained. The pharmacokinetic values namely acid dissociation constant, bioavailability and solubility are briefly explained. There is a detailed insight into the pathways of metabolism (Phase I and II reactions) and excretion. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/a-comprehensive-insight-on-pharmacokinetics https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2016(I-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393094 2016-12-30 gdddr

Statistical Moment Theory and Non-Compartmental Analysis Samina Zehussain Muhammad Ilyas Abdullah Mubashar Rehman Non-Compartmental Model the Non-Compartmental Analysis Statistical Moment Theory the Non-Compartmental Analysis Types of Models Mathematical model a numerical classification of the biological framework and utilized to state quantitative connections. A pharmacokinetic compartment is a numerical idea that portrays a space in the body that medication seems to possess These models just mediate the test information and permit an experimental equation for the assessment of medication focus with time. A non- compartmental model is a pharmacokinetic model that does not involve the consequence of a definite compartment model is called a Non-compartment model. This approach is based on the consequence that the drugs or substances created in a metabolic process follow direct kinetics, which is the basis that this approach can be functional to any compartment model. The non- compartmental analysis gives an elective strategy to portraying drug pharmacokinetics without appointing a specific compartmental model to the medication. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/statistical-moment-theory-and-noncompartmental-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2016(I-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393095 2017-12-30 gdddr

Role of Computer Aided Drug Design in Modern Drug Discovery and Pharmacokinetic Prediction Arif Paiman Ahmad Mohammad Mubashar Rehman Computer Aided Drug Design Pharmacokinetics Computational Methods Drug Discovery Novel Drug Candidate Target -Drug Interaction In modern day, Data on different diseases and drug substances with their properties like modification, side effects, and dose requires documentation data and building library exploring, such library with vast information in every aspect needs computational methods used in CADD. Recognition of specific targets for the drug tested and defining pharmacological activity of a drug candidate based on the structure of both drug and its target, finding outside effects of drugs at the molecular level and calculation of toxicity caused by metabolism of drug applications of Computer aided drug design in the drug discovery process. We can get additional tools and websites which serve As a tool for the source of data and computational drug design are available on the web interface and being used extensively by researchers and scientists to save time and budget for speeding up the process of experiments for Novel Drug compound. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/role-of-computer-aided-drug-design-in-modern-drug-discovery-and-pharmacokinetic-prediction https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2017(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393096 2017-12-30 gdddr

Role of Computer Aided Drug Design in Modern Drug Discovery and Pharmacokinetic Prediction Arif Paiman Ahmad Mohammad Mubashar Rehman Computer Aided Drug Design Pharmacokinetics Computational Methods Drug Discovery Novel Drug Candidate Target -Drug Interaction In modern day, Data on different diseases and drug substances with their properties like modification, side effects, and dose requires documentation data and building library exploring, such library with vast information in every aspect needs computational methods used in CADD. Recognition of specific targets for the drug tested and defining pharmacological activity of a drug candidate based on the structure of both drug and its target, finding outside effects of drugs at the molecular level and calculation of toxicity caused by metabolism of drug applications of Computer aided drug design in the drug discovery process. We can get additional tools and websites which serve As a tool for the source of data and computational drug design are available on the web interface and being used extensively by researchers and scientists to save time and budget for speeding up the process of experiments for Novel Drug compound. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/role-of-computer-aided-drug-design-in-modern-drug-discovery-and-pharmacokinetic-prediction https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2017(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393097 2017-12-30 gdddr

A Review of Parenteral Administration of Testing Substance in Rabbit and Mice Muhammad Shehzeb Ashraf Iqra Rehman Gul Shahnaz Intramuscular Anesthesia Doses Administration Mice Subcutaneous Parenteral There are many publications that deal with administration of test substances to animals and removal of blood samples for different objectives. Parenteral route of drug administration includes further different routes i.e., drug administration through muscles (IM route) through veins (IV route) and through subcutaneous route. We can manage to check the outcomes of test substances within minutes when we go for IV route as in this route drug directly go to systemic circulation. Different experimental animals are utilized to check the possible outcomes of test substances that include Rabbit, mice, and rat. Various factors like dose strength, dose frequency and the meaning by which drug can be administered to animal can be examined. The emphasis on drug safety should be the main priority while injecting drug substances. Animal ethics guidelines should be followed in this regard. AEG basically provides us safety guidelines which should be followed for safety handling. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/a-review-of-parenteral-administration-of-testing-substance-in-rabbit-and-mice https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2017(II-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393098 2017-12-30 gdddr

A Literature Review of the Physicochemical, Physiological and Pharmaceutical Considerations in GIT Absorption of Drugs. Rabia Mazhar Fariah Qaiser Sana Ali Zahra Syeda Komal Fatima Imran Khan Absorption Gastro-Intestinal Tract Transport Bioavailability Drug Dissolution Diffusion Drug Stability Oral route of drug administration is the most common among all routes and hence their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors are substantial to study. Among such factors, GIT absorption is the key factor in new drug development affecting the efficacy as well as safety of the drug. Different protocols have now been developed for the usage of in vitro also the in vivo as well as in situ methods in drug absorption determination. In this article, different mechanisms like passive diffusion, pore transport, ionic-mediated transport, endocytosis and other mechanisms involved in drug absorption will be explained. Moreover, different factors i.e. physico-chemical, pharmaceutical and physiological factors that affect drug absorption have been summarized as they play a significant role in the research studies for new drug development. Different absorption determining methods are also discussed. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/a-literature-review-of-the-physicochemical-physiological-and-pharmaceutical-considerations-in-git-absorption-of-drugs https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2017(II-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393099 2017-12-30 gdddr

Strategies and Techniques of Drug Discovery from Natural Products Parniya Akbar Ali Farah Hanif Hosna Nettour Mubashar Rehman Essential Products Drug Development and Design Discovery Strategies Omics. New drugs are mostly obtained from Natural sources. The traditional and ethic medicines have provided evidence on the therapeutic properties and resulted in some distinguished drug discovery of natural products. The microorganisms and the endogenous active materials from human or animal have also become a significant approach to the discovery of a drug. Bioinformatics and artificial intelligence have facilitated the study and development of products. For discovery of natural products different software have been used. Different computational software needed in the future for the predicting features in new drug development, for instance pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics, in drug development lead positive impact. This review focus on natural product drug discovery and uses innovative strategies and techniques as a part of discovery of drugs from natural products. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/strategies-and-techniques-of-drug-discovery-from-natural-products https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2017(II-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393100 2017-12-30 gdddr

A Literature Study of IPQC (In Process Quality Control) tests and FDF (Finished Dosage Form) tests for Parenteral Dosage forms taking Adicovil IV Ampoule as an Example. Ayesha Sabir Syeda Komal Fatima Asma Kaleem Sidra Altaf Imran Khan Parenteral IPQC stability tests FDF physical tests chemical tests. This study was conducted to evaluate both the in-process quality control tests as well as the finished dosage form tests for a parenteral product. Furthermore, all the processes from the purchase of API to marketing of product were studied. A batch of Adicovil was taken Adicovil was taken as an example, it is small volume parenteral of 2ml ampoule that is studied to evaluate its efficacy and stability by performing chemical and physical tests. IPQC tests for type I glass includes powder glass test, while for water for injection they are pH, acidity & alkalinity, non-volatile matter, ammonium ions, non-oxidizable matter, sterility and pyrogen test. Test for finished dosage form of Adicovil are identification, leaker test, clarity test, sterility, pyrogen test, BET, deliverable volume and determination of volume of injection for container. The selected batch of Adicovil passed all the IPQC and FDF tests in the procedure. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/a-literature-study-of-ipqc-in-process-quality-control-tests-and-fdf-finished-dosage-form-tests-for-parenteral-dosage-forms-taking-adicovil-iv-ampoule-as-an-example https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2017(II-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393101 2018-12-30 gdddr

Methods to Intra-Peritoneal and Subcutaneous Administration on Experimental Animals Shahrukh Asif Hafsa Abbas Mubashar Rehman Liquid Drug Experimental Animal Subcutaneous Intraperitoneal Parenteral site of administration of drug provides several advantages. In subcutaneous administration of the drug mainly move to the capillaries from the site of action. However, in case of the intraperitoneal administration the peritoneal cavity of is the target. Different experimental animal requires certain criteria to deliver the dose of the drugs. All the parameter is vital to perform experiment on animals. We have search different search engine PubMed, Tadfoline, Goggle Scholar etc. Methods along with the precautionary measure and safety issue are discussed. Also, various steps area defined for administration of drugs in experimental work. The main purpose of this review is to gather the work realter to intra peritoneal and sub cutaneous administration of the drugs. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/methods-to-intraperitoneal-and-subcutaneous-administration-on-experimental-animals https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2018(III-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393102 2018-12-30 gdddr

Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery: A Mini Review Muhammad Saadullah Khan Farwa Shahid Arooj Shahid Gul Shahnaz Clinical Trials Biomarkers Alzheimer's Fucoidin Preclinical Modes Bone Disorders There are a very large number of drugs that enter in the clinical trial phase but only a fraction of them is able to get their place in market. For a drug to reach at a phase of clinical trial requires a huge effort of research and a very large investment. Translational medicine, a relatively new discipline, uses the novel techniques that not only lower the risk of investment failure, but also focuses on reducing the testing duration in different phases of clinical trials. Discussed in the article are advantages of translational medicines and various challenges faced by translational medicine as well the ways by which this discipline will face these challenges. This article also focuses on recent advances in therapeutic development for diabetes, bone disorders, neurosciences, and oncology and the failures of translational medicine due to high external risk factors. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/translational-medicine-and-drug-discovery-a-mini-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2018(III-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393103 2018-12-30 gdddr

Individualization of Dosage Regimen-an Approach Towards Improved Clinical Outcomes Syed Faaez Ul Hassan Naqvi Tehreem Haider Dosage Regimen Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Multiple Dosage Regimen Dosage regimen plays the most important role in obtaining the desired therapeutic outcomes. The focus perpetually is on the design of doses, their intervals and duration to acquire the optimum response. Many factors like age, gender, weight, body surface area, pathological state play a role in formulating these regimens and each factor is given importance in deciding regimen that gives the optimum response. The experiments gradually reveal the correct regimens after repeatedly being worked upon. Different parameters such as Cmax, Tmax, are calculated and estimated in order to decide by which dose and its interval the therapeutic level is maintained in the blood. Therapeutic drug monitoring is one of the most important aspects in dosage regimen where the narrow therapeutic index drugs are given and designed in such a way as to get the therapeutic response with minimized toxicity. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students (Final Year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final Year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/individualization-of-dosage-regimenan-approach-towards-improved-clinical-outcomes https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2018(III-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393104 2018-12-30 gdddr

Quality Determination (In-process & Finished product Quality Testing Parameters) of Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension Rana Muhammad Awais Khan Mubashar Rehman Quality Control Parenteral In-Process Triamcinolone Acetonide Triamcinolone acetonide is an antiinflammatory drug that has been used for more than 50 years for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders including the arthritis & gout etc. Moreover, in recent years its use has been rapidly increased for the treatment of retinal vasculature disease and Uveitis, periocular and intraocular treatment. This review summarizes the whole manufacturing process of this formulation along with the complete in-process QC & Finished dosage form test parameters that ensures the efficacy and safety of this drug. Furthermore, the industrial requirements in the production and QC department to manufacture this product are emphasized to optimize the production as well as the quality of the Product. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/quality-determination-inprocess-finished-product-quality-testing-parameters-of-triamcinolone-acetonide-injectable-suspension https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2018(III-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393105 2019-12-30 gdddr

Current Pharmaceutical Options for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Sobia Noreen Hassan Mahmood Ifrah Hussain Arthritis Swelling Inflammation Treatment Options Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease that describes the joints persistent inflammation and tendon sheets synovial lining. The primary symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are stiffness, pain, and swelling of peripheral joints. Persistent inflammation results in many systemic and extra-articular manifestations involving many organ systems. Rheumatoid arthritis treatment goals are symptomatic management of pain, stiffness and restricted mobility. NSAIDs are commonly prescribed for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Analgesic effects of NSAIDs are based mainly on the inhibition of COX-enzyme and consequently the production of prostaglandins. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/current-pharmaceutical-options-for-the-treatment-of-rheumatoid-arthritis https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2019(IV-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393106 2019-12-30 gdddr

Bio-Adhesive Nanomedicine for Targeted Drug Delivery Ali Iqbal Ramsha Malik Malik Irfan Zulfiqar Maria Hassan Kiani Muhammad Rauf ul Hassan Bio Adhesion Mucoadhesion Nano Cargoes Polymers Targeted Drug Delivery System The bio/muco-adhesive auxiliary agents are considered as a promising strategy for the administration of various challenging drugs including peptides, proteins and oligosaccharides therapeutics. The delivery of such therapeutics is hampered due to rapid degradation, restricted uptake, short residence time, poor solubility and limited half-life. The recent emergence of nanomedicine based on bio/mucoadhesive auxiliary agents is offering new avenues to overcome these drawbacks. Hence, it is important to understand the mechanism of nanoscale bio/mucoadhesion, protocols for investigating bio/mucoadhesive potential at nanoscale. This chapter is an endeavor to focus on the mechanism of bio adhesion and the bio/mucoadhesive auxiliary agents that are used in the design of the targeted oral, nasal, ocular, vaginal, and buccal nanomedicine with their properties that affect the bio/mucoadhesion. Humanity Publications M.Phil Candidate, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom UK. M. Phil Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. BS Biotechnology Scholar, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pulmonology, Quaid-i-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/bioadhesive-nanomedicine-for-targeted-drug-delivery https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2019(IV-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393107 2019-12-30 gdddr

Carbon Nanotubes: A Brief Review on Its Use for Biomedical Imaging Purpose Husna Khalid Muneeba Rafique Aimen Qaiser Fakhar-Ud-Din Gul Shahnaz Carbon-Nano-Tubes Biomedical Imaging Functionalization Drug Delivery Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) belong to the fullerene family, also known as graphene. These graphenes are similar to the graphite sheets and when these are turn up in the cylindrical form they are known as carbon nanotubes. Currently, the most common methods used for CNTs preparation are: Electric-arc-discharge methods, Chemical-vapor-deposition method and Laserablation method. In order to cross the cell membrane, functionalization of the pristine CNTs is performed. Because of the sp2 hybridization and closely packed hexagons in their structure, functionalization of the pristine CNTs can be done easily with either therapeutic agent or the imaging agent. They have wide applications in the field of bio-imaging because of their intrinsic optical, mechanical and electrical properties. They can be used as efficient contrast agents and the biosensors as well as efficient carriers for the delivery of therapeutic or imaging agents. Humanity Publications MPhil Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson/ Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/carbon-nanotubes-a-brief-review-on-its-use-for-biomedical-imaging-purpose https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2019(IV-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393108 2019-12-30 gdddr

A Comprehensive Insights of the Multiple Dose Regimen Ayesha Ayub Abid ul Haq Mubashar Rehman Multiple Dose Regimen Loading Dose Drug Accumulation IV Infusion Pharmacokinetics A multiple dose regimen is a concept that is used for certain diseases as arthritis, heart diseases etc. It is used to increase the therapeutic activity and clinical efficacy of the drugs. Drugs are usually used in single doses to produce acute effect but in cases where chronic affect is required multiple dosage regimen is required. Designing the dosage regimen and maintaining the drug concentration in blood plasma after administration are the primary goals to achieve safety and efficacy. That is to maintain drug concentration in therapeutic window. Moreover, the IV infusion and continuous IV diffusion is reviewed. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students (Final year), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/a-comprehensive-insights-of-the-multiple-dose-regimen https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2019(IV-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Review of Novel Techniques for Nanoparticles Preparation Irsah Maqbool Sobia Noreen Nanotechnology Nanoparticles Delivery Vehicle Preparation Techniques Various types of material are produced by using nanotechnology techniques at nano scale level. Nanoparticle is wide class of nanotechnology having one dimension and particle size less than 100 nm. Nano particles has wide range of application in the field of biomedical because a large number of nano materials such as nano carriers, nanotubes, nanowires and nanorods have been developed. In this review our main focus is to discuss different methods for the preparation of nanoparticles. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/a-review-of-novel-techniques-for-nanoparticles-preparation https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2019(IV-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Fragment-Based Approach towards the Design of Potent and Versatile Anti-Cancer Agents Sana Ali Zahra Ayesha Imran Faiza Khalid Mubashir Rehman Fragment-Based Drug Design Potent and Novel Anti-Cancer Agents Fragment Optimization Deconstruction-Reconstruction Despite years of clinical research and trials of encouraging new therapies, cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The fragment-based drug discovery has evolved formerly as an efficient approach for identification, optimization, and generation of lead. After identifying the fragments having binding affinity with the target using computational method for fragment screening, they are optimized into more active compounds. This review elaborates the application of methodology of fragment-based drug design in designing potent and versatile anti-cancer drug candidates. It comprises of details such as construction of fragment library and screening, principles of library design, fragment hit identification, fragment to lead optimization, deconstruction and reconstruction approach, unified fragment based QSAR technique, phytochemical and pharmacophoric fragment based drug development and FBDD based targeting of epigenetic regulators in cancer. The agents discussed include STAT-3 inhibitor, vemurafenib, pazopanib, TAS-116 HSP-90 α/β inhibitor, pexidartinib, venetoclax and erdafitinib, FBDD based designed Anticancer Agents. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/fragmentbased-approach-towards-the-design-of-potent-and-versatile-anticancer-agents https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2020(V-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Design of Hollow Nanocapsules and their Applications in Biomedical Imaging Aimen Qaiser Muhammad Rauf ul Hassan Maria Hassan Kiani Husna Khalid Gul Shahnaz Biomedical Applications Bioimaging Hollow Nanocapsules Imaging Probes Nanocarriers Different nanocarrier systems owing to their nano size, increased surface area and unique electrical and magnetic properties are employed for biomedical applications. Among the various nanocarrier systems, hollow nanocapsules are one of the most interesting carrier systems for thier use in bioimaging and biomedical applications. The unique properties of hollow nanocapsules make them suitable for use in bioimaging. In this article hollow nanocpsules have been classified into four classes based on thier composition: (i) liposomes, (ii) polmersomes and other polymeric hollow nanocapsules, (iii) metallic hollow nanocapsules and (iv) others. The formation and design of these hollow nanocapsules and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications using different agents/imaging probes and imaging modalities is discussed briefly. Hollow nanocapsules have revolutionized the field of biomedical imaging. Humanity Publications MPhil Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pulmonology, Quaid-i-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson/ Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/design-of-hollow-nanocapsules-and-their-applications-in-biomedical-imaging https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2020(V-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Conventional and Novel Treatment Strategies to Combat COVID-19 along with Review of most Affected Countries Umair-Ul-Hassan Rana Muhammad Awais Khan Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Amjad Khan CRISPR-Cas Cure Covid-19 FDA SARS-COV-2 This review illustrates a comparison of currently implemented strategies and the need of a novel technique to cure the COVID-19. Current strategies served a lot to cope up with the situation by decreasing the rate of fatalities i.e. some FDA approved drugs and giving immunity by the plasma proteins of cured patients, however these approaches could not eliminate the pandemic from the society emphasizing that some advance technology need to be considered in order to fight with SARS-COV-2 virus. CRISPR-Cas based approach to inactivate the virus before its fusion with host DNA has been successful in in-vitro studies performed at Stanford University along with SHERLOCK & MAMMOTH biosciences who were able to degrade 80 % viral genome. Here we have also done a literature review of major affected countries China, Italy, United states, and India. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/conventional-and-novel-treatment-strategies-to-combat-covid19-along-with-review-of-most-affected-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2020(V-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Approaches of Prodrug Designing to Treat Cancer, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Viral Diseases Muhammad Shehzeb Ashraf Iqra Rehman Urooj Fatima Mubashar Rehman Cytochrome P450 Doxorubicin Drug Delivery Blood-Brain Barrier Prodrug Design Levodopa Classical prodrug design is a sweeping approach to throw away futile side effects related to drug therapy. The main purpose of prodrug designing is to ameliorate physicochemical, pharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of particular compounds to resolve issues like formulation, delivery to the target site, and toxicity limitations. To fabricate the pharmacological action in CNS, drugs must cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, prodrug strategies are designed which include lipidization and the use of carriers and transporters. In this article, we have reviewed different anticancer, neuroprotective, and antiviral prodrugs. Flurbiprofen prodrugs, glycosylated prodrugs, resveratrol prodrugs, levodopa, etc., are mapped out for neurodegenerative disorders in CNS. Due to the poor oral pharmacokinetic properties of antiviral agents, drug design methods are performed by combining the parent drug molecule with a number of active components such as dipeptide esters, amino acids, nucleosides, and macromolecular-based prodrugs. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Final year students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Final year students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Final year students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/approaches-of-prodrug-designing-to-treat-cancer-neurodegenerative-disorders-and-viral-diseases https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2020(V-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Organ Specific Toxicity of Single and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Review Maria Hassan Kiani Ayesha Batool Maheen Khurshid Memoona Kanwal Naveed Ahmed Carbon Nanotubes Toxicity Organ Specific Mechanisms Functionalization Carbon nanotubes are one of the most widely investigated carbon structures because of variety of physicochemical features offered by them. Their dimensions, surface chemistry and functionalization opportunities make them exceptional carrier for targeted drug delivery gene therapy, diagnosis and cell imaging. Both single and multi-walled CNTs have been functionalized for therapeutic applications. However, these structures have been associated with potential in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects. Such toxicities have been described to involve both cellular and subcellular mechanisms. Major organs that have shown significant CNTs related toxic effects include lungs, brain, heart, kidney, liver and skin. This review focuses on the potential toxicological effects of single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and functionalization on these organs and associated mechanisms of toxicity Humanity Publications PhD Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/organ-specific-toxicity-of-single-and-multiwalled-carbon-nanotubes-a-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2020(V-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role of Biomarkers in Molecular and Disease Diagnostics Abdullah Muhammad Ilyas Waheed Ahmad Hassan Gul Biomarker Surrogate Endpoint DNA Biomarkers RNA Biomarkers Protein Biomarkers Predictive Biomarkers Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker A biomarker is a variable which is biologically monitored and sometimes studied more as an indication of natural biological mechanisms, pathogenic activities, or therapeutic reactions. Biomarkers are beneficial in the detection and grading of disease seriousness in laboratory as well as clinical settings. The first step in the creation of the biomarker system is to explore a viable target. There are two categories of. biomarkers: biomarkers of exposure for detection of risk, and biomarkers of disease employed in disease progression, diagnosis, and surveillance. The principles of biomarkers in disease have been applied to the detection, screening, diagnosis, treatment and checking of cancer. However, more targeted therapies have now been developed that can be directed to kill cancer cells only, while sparing healthy cells. By understanding the relation amongst the biological processes and clinical outcomes, we can increase, expand, and further elaborate our ways of treatment of diseases by using biomarkers. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/role-of-biomarkers-in-molecular-and-disease-diagnostics https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role Of Probiotics And Microbiota In Covid-19 Afia Arshad Alia Eum Ume Ruqia Tulain Nadia Shamshad Malik Shafa Arshad Covid-19 Microbiota Probiotics SARS-COV-2 Identifying the mechanism of Covid-19 illness and its development can bring the discovery of new objectives for prevention or therapy. This might be accomplished by preventing viral entrance and replication, or just by suppressing the immune reaction elicited by the disease. Probiotics are described as"beneficial microorganisms that impose a health benefit on the host when given in suitable concentrations."There is strong scientific research to prove the capacity of probiotics in increasing human immune response,hence avoiding pathogen proliferation and lowering the occurrence and severity of diseases. We report clinical data on the usefulness of probiotic supplements to protect and cure respiratory system infections in this paper. The findings suggest that probiotics may be beneficial in lowering the likelihood of coronavirus infection. Furthermore, this domain needs to be explored to unleash the strength of probiotics and microbiotain fighting against COVID-19. Humanity Publications Amna Inayat Medical College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Imran Idress College of Pharmacy, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/role-of-probiotics-and-microbiota-in-covid19 https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Awareness and Management of Breast Cancer in Women Aiman Noor Haideri Areej Tehreem Aymen Azhar M. Mansoor Gul Shahnaz Breast Cancer Metastasis BRCA Gene Carcinomas Genetic Mutations Lumpectomy Mastectomy Women have faced many challenges such as higher risk of breast cancer due to lack of awareness.The formation of hard mass or lump is a common sign. There are 4 stages of the breast cancer, and it is divided into two types, invasive and non-invasive. The common type is invasive ductal carcinoma which spread easily and also occur in men. The stage 3 cancer is known to be Inflammatory breast cancer and it can appear as metastatic cancer. Some risk factors can be controlled like breastfeeding can reduce chances of cancer. Different alternate options are selected for the treatment like full removal of breast or lump by the mastectomy or lumpectomy respectively. To destroy remaining cancerous cells, radiations are given, and chemotherapy reduces the size of tumor cell. In advance methods, gene therapy or immune system modulation is done to get rid of cancer. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences. Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences. Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences. Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences. Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences. Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/awareness-and-management-of-breast-cancer-in-women https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Efficacy and Safety of Chlorhexidine in Nosocomial Infections Muhammad Zahoor Syeda Komal Fatima Rashid Munir Gul Shahnaz Chlorhexidine Acute Hypersensitivity Contact Dermatitis Intravascular Access Nosocomial Infections Chlorhexidine is a common skin antisepsis agent that is also found in toothpaste and mouthwash.When mixed with alcohol, it is a particularly efficient antibacterial. Because it forms a strong bond with aminoacid subunits in the peripheral skin and mucosal layers. Its antibacterial properties remain for a long time,enabling it to be an efficacious antiseptic agent. Chlorhexidine is applied on various medical devices which provide protection against various internal infections caused by catheter. Chlorhexidine-related contact dermatitis is uncommon among healthcare employees.in individuals where the incidence of allergic reactionsis very common, the rate of skin allergic reactions caused by chlorhexidine ranges from 3.5 to 6.5 percent.Chlorhexidine induced allergic reactions are frequently misdiagnosed, leading to under reporting. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Pharm D Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/the-efficacy-and-safety-of-chlorhexidine-in-nosocomial-infections https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Use of Antibiotic Beading Technique in Treatment of Osteomyelitis in a Local Hospital of Islamabad, Pakistan Zahra Hassan Kiani Iter Un Nisha Maria Amjad Sadia Bibi Beading Technique Antibiotic Cementing Cefotaxime Cefoperazone Osteomyelitis Despite the advancement in prevention and treatment against infection, osteomyelitis has always remained a challenge for an orthopedic surgeon. Although this problem is more prevalent in developing countries rather than developed countries, still it cannot be overlooked. That's why we have aimed this case study to consider the therapeutic plan and techniques used for the treatment of osteomyelitis. A 67 years old male was presented in a local public hospital of Islamabad, Pakistan with severe pain in right lateral thigh unable to move hip and knee joint and swelling. Emergency treatment included diclofenac. X-rays result showed fracture of right femur. Cultures DHS fixation (Dynamic Hip Screw fixation) was done, pus was drained and culture reports indicated Staphylococcus areas that was sensitive to Cefotaxime. The therapy plan included antibiotics along with pain killers, but the infection was not treated. Beside x-ray. Finally this infection was treated using antibiotics beading technique. Humanity Publications MBBS Candidate, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, Iqra University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/use-of-antibiotic-beading-technique-in-treatment-of-osteomyelitis-in-a-local-hospital-of-islamabad-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Nutritional Status of Breast Fed and Formula Fed Children: A Comparative Study Shakoor Wisal Ikram Ullah Saifullah Underweight Wasted Stunted Breast Fed Formula Fed The study was conducted in different areas of Charsadda to compare the nutritional status of breastfed and formula-fed children aged 0 to 2 years. The data was collected from 100 children, 25 boys and25 girls who were breastfed and 25 boys and 25 girls who were formula fed. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the patients' socio-demographic characteristics, anthropocentric characteristics, symptoms,feeding practices, and dietary intake. The mean age of breastfed and formula fed subjects was 12.445.15(months) and 13.905.86 (months), respectively (months). Some (10.0 percent) of the breast-fed subjects and the majority (58.0 percent) of the formula-fed subjects were discarded. Some (24.0Percent) of the breast-fed subjects and the majority (56.0 Percent) of the formula-fed subjects were stunted. According to BMI for percentile of the subjects, the majority of breastfed (72.0 percent) and some formula fed (16.0 percent) subjects were normal. Some breastfed (16.0 percent) and most formula fed (76.0 percent) subjects had diarrhea. Humanity Publications Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Department of Food Technology, Government Technical College Nowshehra, KP, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/nutritional-status-of-breast-fed-and-formula-fed-children-a-comparative-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Quality Analysis of Refrigerated Strawberry Juice with TSS of 20.5 Treated with Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate and Citric Acid Shakoor Wisal Ikram Ullah Saifullah Alia Gul Strawberry Juice Benzoate Sorbate Sucrose Refrigeration Temperature The aim of this research was carried out to investigate the effect of different sugar concentrations and chemical preservatives and storage temperature, i. e. refrigeration temperature (4-10oC) on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of strawberry juice stored for one year. The samples were numbered as, TR28=Strawberry juice (20.5 brix) with 0.1 Percent sodium benzoate, TR30=Strawberry juice (20.5 brix)with 0.1 Percent potassium sorbate, TR31=Strawberry juice (20.5°brix) with 0.05 Percent sodium benzoate 0.05 Percent potassium sorbate, TR40=Strawberry juice (20.5°brix) - no preservatives (control), TR41=Strawberry juice (20.5°brix) with 0.1 Percent sodium benzoate, TR42=Strawberry juice (20.5°brix) with 0.1 Percent potassium sorbate, TR43=Strawberry juice (20.5°brix) with 0.05 Percent sodium benzoate 0.05 Percent potassium sorbate. A maximum increase was recorded in total soluble solids (TSS) content by TR29, TR30, and TR31(9.75 Percent), while a minimum increase was recorded in TR43 (7.31 Percent) during storage. A maximum decrease in pH occurred in TR28 (16.94 Percent) followed by TR40 (16.57 Percent), while a minimum decrease was recorded in TR43 (8.14 Percent). A maximum increase in titratable acidity occurred in TR28 (136.19 Percent), followed byTR40 (110.37 Percent), while a minimum increase occurred in TR43 (91.11 Percent). Maximum ascorbic acid decreased in TR28 (84.26 Percent) followed by TR40 (74.39 Percent), while a minimum decrease was observed inTR43 (61.41 Percent) followed by TR41 (62.83 Percent). A maximum increase in reducing sugar content was recorded in TR30 (26.49 Percent), while a minimum increase occurred in TR43 (21.13 Percent). A maximum decrease in non-reducing sugar occurred in TR28 (89.84 Percent) followed by TR40 (88.77 Percent), while a minimum decrease occurred in TR43 (28.88 Percent). A decrease in color was recorded for all samples, but it was in an acceptable range during storage. Flavor deterioration occurred in control samples (TR28 and TR40), while treated samples showed less loss in flavor during storage. Comparatively better consistency was recorded by treated juice. After one year of storage, the samples were acceptable to the consumer on the basis of color, flavor, consistency, and overall acceptability. Among all the treatments, TR28 and TR40 were rejected during storage, while TR43 was found most effective,followed by TR41, and showed better storage stability than other samples. Humanity Publications Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Government College of Technology, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/quality-analysis-of-refrigerated-strawberry-juice-with-tss-of-205-treated-with-sodium-benzoate-and-potassium-sorbate-and-citric-acid https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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A Review on Immune Cells Mediated Tumor Progression Rana Muhammad Awais Khan Umair ul Hassan Shafiq ur Rehman Tumor Immune system T-helper cells T-regulatory cells Immune suppression mmune system mediates the tumor progression as the protective actions of the immune cells are suppressed, and they assist the tumor to grow by various mechanisms. This review illustrates the mechanisms adapted by the T regulatory cells, T helper cells and B lymphocytes that result in decreased immunosurveillance and poor tumor progression. Clear understanding of the pathways adopted, and mediators released by the immune cells can elaborate various target sites to explore in the cancer treatment. Stimulating immune response and recognizing cancer cells as non-self-antigens can be anoptimum approach to fight tumor. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/a-review-on-immune-cells-mediated-tumor-progression https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Study of Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinical Bacterial Isolates from Three Private Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Pakistan Alia Eum Ume Ruqia Tulain Nadia Shamshad Malik Nitasha Gohar Ayesha Rashid Antimicrobial Resistance Clinical Isolates Pathological Specimens Purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in microbial pathogens from different clinical samples. The current study was conducted in Lahore, Faisalabad,Rawalpindi and Islamabad as these cities are ranked as highly populated cities of Pakistan. Isolation and identification of pathogens from almost 750 diverse urine, blood and pus samples by aid of selected media cultures, gram staining and various biochemical tests. Isolated pathogens were checked for antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against frequently prescribed antibiotics. In present study, Gram-negative isolates were found in maximum percentages (80 Percent) while the remaining (20 Percent) were Gram-positives. The isolate which was most recurrently recognized from Gram-positives was S. aureus and most frequently identified isolate from Gram-negative was E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The prevalence of E. coli was 20 Percent in urine, 14Percentin blood, 12Percent in stool and 4 Percent in pus. Furthermore, the resistance rate of E. coli for Streptomycin, Nalidixicacid, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Doxycycline, Moxifloxacin, Amikacin, Gentamycin, and Amoxicillin werebetween 12 Percent to a maximum of 100Percent. Gram positive S. aureus was found considerable in urine (9Percent), bloodand pus cultures. The resistance shown by the isolates ranged from 12Percent to 100Percent against ceftriaxone,ampicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, co-trimoxazole, penicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin and tetracycline. Moreover, the antibiotics like Augmentin (71Percent) and Moxifloxacin (60Percent) showed highest resistance so these are considered as poor choices for treating S. aureus infections. We concluded from this study that strict legislation and better management techniques in context to use of antimicrobial for therapeutic purposes in human and animals can minimize the chances of development of antimicrobial resistance. Humanity Publications Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/study-of-trends-of-antimicrobial-resistance-in-clinical-bacterial-isolates-from-three-private-tertiary-healthcare-facility-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393124 2021-12-30 gdddr

Nanoparticles Targeted Drug Delivery in Lung Cancer Shahrukh Asif Sidra Altaf Asma Kaleem Lung cancer Targeted Drug Delivery Inhalable Nanoparticles Nanocarriers Nano- formulations Lung cancer is one of the top most leading cancers in the world. Nano-scale size dependent properties of the nano particles revolutionized the targeted therapy for the lung cancer. Nasal drug delivery of the nano particle aid in enhancing the effect at targeted site. Vascularization, large surfaced area and rapid disposition of drug nano particles is encouraging toward the inhalable drug delivery. The main purpose of the review is to gather the recent literature work in the area of nano particle uses in lung cancer and work on the development of targeted drug deliveryples. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/nanoparticles-targeted-drug-delivery-in-lung-cancer https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393125 2021-12-30 gdddr

Nanoparticles Induced Oxidative Stress: A Review Based Approach Maria Naz Bakhtiari Najam ul Hassan Rashida Parveen Gul Shahnaz Engineered Nanoparticles Oxidative Stress Physicochemical Characteristics Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Nanotechnology, a rapidly evolving science, has generated game-changing breakthroughs in the industrial, medical, and consumer industries. Engineered nano particles (NP) are extremely attractive in a range of applications due to their unique physio chemical and electrical characteristics. Changes in Np's structural and physio chemical properties can alter their biologically active compounds, along with the generation of free radicals (ROS), one of the most widely documented Nano particle-related toxins. Cellular parameters such as surface of the particle, size, contents of composition, and metal content produce oxidative stress, whereas cellular responses such as mitochondrial functions, Nano materials cell contact, and immune cell activation cause ROS-mediated destruction. It's crucial to understand how NP influences the ROS response although the oxidative stress is a key predictor of Nano particle induced damage. It may be possible to develop a comprehensive toxicity screen that uses oxidative stress as a prediction model for nano particle damage, as well as a better understanding of the multiple signalling cascades activated by nano materials ROS. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Superior university, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/nanoparticles-induced-oxidative-stress-a-review-based-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2021(VI-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393126 2022-03-30 gdddr

Quality Evaluation of Strawberry Juice with TSS of 30.5o Brix Preserved with Benzoate, Sorbate, and Antioxidant Stored At Refrigeration Temperature Shakoor Wisal Alia Gul Hina Gul Strawberry Juice Benzoate Sorbate Sucrose Refrigeration Temperature The aim of this research was carried out to investigate the effect of different sucrose concentrations and chemical preservatives and storage temperature, i.e., refrigeration temperature (4-10oC), on the physico chemical and sensory attributes of strawberry juice stored for one year. samples were numbered as, TR32=Strawberry juice (30.5obrix) - no preservative, TR33=Strawberry juice(30.5obrix) with 0.1Percent sodium benzoate, TR34=Strawberry juice (30.5obrix) with 0.1Percent potassium sorbate,TR35=Strawberry juice (30.5obrix) with 0.05Percent sodium benzoate 0.05 Percent potassium sorbate,TR44=Strawberry juice (30.5obrix) - no preservatives (control), TR45=Strawberry juice (30.5obrix) with 0.1 Percent sodium benzoate, TR46=Strawberry juice (30.5obrix) with 0.1Percent potassium sorbate,TR47=Strawberry juice (30.5obrix) with 0.05Percent sodium benzoate 0.05Percent potassium sorbate. As a result,a decrease in color was recorded for all samples, but it was in the acceptable range during storage. Flavor deterioration occurred in control samples (TR32 and TR44), while treated samples showed less loss in flavor during storage. Comparatively better consistency was recorded by treated juice. After one year of storage, the samples were acceptable to the consumer on the basis of color, flavor, consistency, and overall acceptability. Among all the treatments, TR32 and TR44 were rejected during storage, while TR47was found most effective, followed by TR45, and showed better storage stability than other samples. Humanity Publications Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/quality-evaluation-of-strawberry-juice-with-tss-of-305o-brix-preserved-with-benzoate-sorbate-and-antioxidant-stored-at-refrigeration-temperature https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393864 2022-03-30 gdddr

Evaluation of Quadriceps Angle and Waist Hip Ratio in Relation to Body Man Index Among Multiparous Women Atif Maqsood (WHR) (BMI) WHR Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) Multiparous Women It is difficult to determine the appropriate way to assess body habitus as a risk factor for chronic illness. This study examined the age, BMI, and WHR data of 200 multiparous women who were diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis (OA) in our registry. The study also conducted stratified analysis by multiparous women and computed risk ratios (RRs) by WHR for those who were already considered obese according to the BMI criterion. According to the study's findings, 38% of multiparous women and 42% of single women were obese according to the BMI criterion. WHR categorised obese women as being multiparous (92% vs. 82%). For multiparous women, the RR of being obese, as measured by WHR, if considered obese according to the BMI criterion was 1.04 (95% confidence range (95% CI 1.03-1.46). The overlap between BMI and WHR is larger in multiparous women than it is in other individuals with knee OA. Humanity Publications MBBS, MRCP, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/evaluation-of-quadriceps-angle-and-waist-hip-ratio-in-relation-to-body-man-index-among-multiparous-women https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393877 2022-03-30 gdddr

Management of Psychiatric and Neurological Comorbidities in Epilepsy Ali Ahsan Mufti Muhammad Kamran Khan Ghaazaan Khan Khalil Azam Psychiatric & Neurological Comorbidities Epilepsy Neuropsychiatric Disorders People with epilepsy often have between 30 and 50% of their patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. The major neurological comorbidities linked with epilepsy, such as migraine, dementia, traumatic brain injury, and autism spectrum disorder, have relative effects on some of the psychiatric disorders, such as mood and anxiety disorders. The current research objective was to report the usage of pharmacologic drugs in the treatment of a neuropsychiatric disorder in epilepsy. A total of 630 patients of different aged groups (9-18 years, between 19-64 years and Elderly > 65 years) were included in our research. The study was carried out at Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex Nowshera from September 2021 to Jan 2022. Epilepsy patients in rural areas had a substantially lower incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders than those in urban areas, and most of the patients were men. The most often used Anti epilepsy drugs (AEDs) for treating epilepsy were lamotrigine, valproate, and levetiracetam, which were used by 50% of participants. Carbamazepine was only used by adults and was least frequently utilized by older people. In order to effectively manage neuro-psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy, it is important to consider both possible iatrogenic and therapeutic consequences. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Jinnah Medical College Peshawar, Ibadat Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Jinnah Medical College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/management-of-psychiatric-and-neurological-comorbidities-in-epilepsy https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393880 2022-03-30 gdddr

Association of Childhood Trauma Exposure with Adult Psychiatric Disorders and Functional Outcomes Muhammad Kamran Khan Ghaazaan Khan Ali Ahsan Mufti Khalil Azam Cumulative Childhood Trauma Psychiatric Disorders Psychosis Depression Children or adolescent trauma experience has already been linked to a number of detrimental mental health consequences, such as psychotic experiences, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and psychosis.Our study aimed to determine the link between repeated exposures to childhood trauma (CT) and adult mental and functioning consequences. By using two - a stage sample strategy, 820 individuals were chosen from age categories of kids, 10, 13, and 15 years old, from a population of about 3,670 kids. A maximum of 2981 evaluations were done upon that 820 kids up to the age of 16 (1647 observations of 820 people), as well as at the ages of 18, 23, 26, and 29 (1334 observations of 736 people). Data were collected through an interview for the evaluation of all consequences, with the exception of those mentioned (such as formal criminal histories). Of the 820 participants in the research, 436 (53.18%) were female and 384 (46.82%) were male. By the age of 16, 29.3% of kids (n = 241) had had one traumatic incident, 23.0% (n = 189) had experienced two, and 21.46% (n = 176) had experienced three or maybe more. The Odds Ratio (OR) for every disease seemed to be 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.3; and exposure to accumulated CT until the age of 16 was linked to a higher prevalence of adult psychiatric conditions and worse outcome measures, such as major results that show a markedly interrupted development into adulthood. Despite controlling for a wide variety of children contributingfactors, such as mental functioning and family problems, CT experience remained linked to higher levels of adult psychiatric and functional outcomes (adjusted OR for any illness, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0-1.4). After adjusting for a number of family and children features associated with trauma exposure and bad adult results, CT exposure was related to poor adult outcomes. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/association-of-childhood-trauma-exposure-with-adult-psychiatric-disorders-and-functional-outcomes https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393897 2022-03-30 gdddr

A Comparison Of Radial Versus Femoral Approach In Primary Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Qazi Najeeb Ullah Amin Irfan Ali Khan Kashif Ullah Shah Zia Ur Rehman Farman Ullah Sami Ullah Myocardial Infarction Radial Access Percutaneous Coronary Procedures and Coronary Angiography Most interventional cardiologists choose the femoral route for non-compulsory and number one PCI (PCI). Transradial access is gaining popularity due to less issues at the entrance location. 100 patients with acute ST-phase elevation myocardial infarction were recruited in the study. The researcher divided the study population in 1/2, assigning 1/2 of Group A to patients whose first PCI was performed using the transfemoral route and 1/2 of Group B to transradial route patients. Comparing groups' problems. Major and small hematomas, bleeding difficulties, pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery, and lack of radial artery have been visible in each group, even though the distinction become now no longer statistically significant. First, primary angioplasty may be performed transfemoral or transradial; second, there is no difference in complication rates between the femoral and radial techniques for patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing first PCI; and third, the operator must utilise the method that is learned. Humanity Publications MBBS, FCPS Cardiology, Specialty Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS Cardiology, Specialty Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS Cardiology, Specialty Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS Cardiology, Specialty Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS Cardiology, Specialty Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS Cardiology, Specialty Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/a-comparison-of-radial-versus-femoral-approach-in-primary-percutaneous-coronary-interventions https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393899 2022-03-30 gdddr

Comparison of the Right and Left Distal Radial Access for Coronary Procedures Kashif Ullah Shah Irfan Ali Khan Zia ur Rehman Qazi Najeeb Ullah Amin Farman Ullah Sami Ullah Distal Radial Access Coronary Procedures Catheterization Coronary Diagnosis Distal radial coronary access is effective. This study examined if the access location affects vascular access and procedure success. A prospective database was created to compare rDRA and lDRA using propensity score matching. “Access time, coronary procedure success, radial spasm, ionising radiation exposure, and patient comfort were observed. The rDRA and lDRA compared 182 of 385 procedures. Approach success was comparable (97.6%vs.97.6%, p=1.0), access time (sec) was shorter (39 (25-60)vs.50 (29-90); p=0.0026), and procedural success was 100% vs. 100% (p=1.000). Radial spasm was not statistically significant (2.2%vs.6.62%, p=0.150). There were no significant differences between the groups in dose-area product (32 (20-57.1) Gy.m2 vs. 32.5 (19.4-46.3) Gy.m2; p=0.487) or fluoroscopy time (min; 4.4 (2.6-9)vs.4.3 (2.5-7.5); p=0.215.”No study population had vascular access concerns. Those undergoing coronary procedures spent about same time in the catheterization laboratory after switching to the rDRA as they did with the lDRA, but the rDRA required less time to get access to the heart. Humanity Publications MBBS, FCPS, Depatment of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Depatment of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Depatment of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Depatment of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Depatment of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Depatment of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/comparison-of-the-right-and-left-distal-radial-access-for-coronary-procedures https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394814 2018-12-30 gdddr

Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology: Bio-pharmaceutical Support in Candidate Drug Selection Najam ul Hassan Maria Naz Bakhtiari Dur E Nayab Drug screening Drug development Biopharmaceutical Aspects Drug selection is one of the important steps in new drug development. There are multiple factors that contribute to new drug formulation. Biopharmaceutical considerations along with physiological and pharmaceutical parameters are more helpful in defining the process. Various GIT restrictive barriers are challenges for many new drug developments. New drug formulation advantages over the traditional molecules should be cost-effective, therapeutically superior and compliant as compared to previously used active agents. Drug selection compromises multiple steps including preliminary studies in the lab (screening) to the formulation of the dosage form to in-vitro studies along with in-vivo studies. These led to the clinical trials after the selection had been made. Wide drug selection techniques are employed to save costs along with adverse drug effect profiles. It also includes safety for animal studies and in humans. Humanity Publications Pharm-D (Gold Medalist) ,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.phil, Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. M.phil, Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/pharmaceutical-nanotechnology-biopharmaceutical-support-in-candidate-drug-selection https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2018(III-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393870 2022-06-30 gdddr

Prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Flexor Tenosynovitis in Diabetes Mellitus in Faisalabad Atif Maqsood Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Tunnel Syndrome Flexor Tenosynovitis Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are becoming more common in the world. Many people suffer daily from what they have been told is carpal tunnel syndrome. As a result of their pain and disability.While musculoskeletal symptoms of diabetes are frequent and, while not life-threatening, are a major source of morbidity, pain, and disability, vascular consequences of diabetes are widely known and primarily responsible for mortality and morbidity from the illness. Peripheral joints and the axial bone are among the joints that are impacted by diabetes. The peripheral neuropathy condition Charcot neuroarthropathy is a significant contributor to deformity and amputation. Known fibrosing diseases of the hands and shoulder include carpal tunnel syndrome, adhesive capsulitis, tenosynovitis, and limited joint mobility. Gout and Osteoporosis are more common among diabetics. Early detection and strong communication between experts in diabetes and rheumatology are essential for the management of both disorders. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor of Medicine, Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/prevalence-of-carpal-tunnel-syndrome-and-flexor-tenosynovitis-in-diabetes-mellitus-in-faisalabad https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393876 2022-06-30 gdddr

Comparing Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Psychiatric Illness to Inflammatory Bowel Disease Ghaazaan Khan Ali Ahsan Mufti Muhammad Kamran Khan Khalil Azam Inflammatory Bowel Disease Irritable Bowel Syndrome Psychiatric Disorders Anxiety Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent disease that patients report within primary care and contributes approximately 14% - 51% of fresh patients to gastrointestinal centres while inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is among the crippling persistent gastrointestinal disorders that considerably negatively affect a participant's physical, psychological, family, and social aspects. The objective of our research was to compare the effects of IBD and IBS in two groups of outpatients. The study was carried out at Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex Nowshera from September 2021 to Jan 2022. All outpatients with a confirmed diagnosis of IBS (n=49) and IBD (n=27) were requested to participate in the study. 87.76% of patients (n=43) with irritable bowel syndrome and 18.51% of patients (n=5) with inflammatory bowel disease had at least one of these lifetime diagnoses. 24.48%, 22.44%, and 22.44% of the subjects had lifetime diagnoses of major depression (n = 12), panic (n = 11), or somatization disorder (n = 11). 73.5% of the patients with irritable bowel syndrome (n=36) had a history of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, major depression, somatization disorder, or a combination of these illnesses before the beginning of their gastrointestinal symptoms. Compared to patients with IBD individuals with IBS had greater sensitivity to modest physical symptoms, more psychological discomfort, and a higher lifetime frequency of mental illnesses. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Jinnah Medical College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Jinnah Medical College Peshawar, Ibadat Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/comparing-irritable-bowel-syndrome-and-psychiatric-illness-to-inflammatory-bowel-disease https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393878 2022-06-30 gdddr

Utilization of the Microbiological Profile of Symptomatic Vaginal Discharge in Rural Reproductive-Age Women Nayab Faridoon Sanodia Afridi Sumbul Aqeeq Sumbal Khittab Hijab Hashmi Irum Javed Vaginal Discharge Pathogens Genital Tract Infections Bacterial Vaginosis Women frequently report an irregular vaginal discharge, which can be caused by vaginal pathogens such as bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. The research objective was to ascertain the microbiological composition of symptomatic vaginal discharge in rural areas and the use of this information for treating genital tract infections. The current research was carried out over the course of a year, from Jan 2022 to June 2022, among sexually active females of reproductive age between 18 and 40 years, who visited the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at the Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Out of 120 women who had symptomatic vaginal secretions, 62 patients (51.67%) were in the 18–28 age range, followed by 39 patients (32.5%) in the 29–39 age range, and 19 patients (15.83%) in the 40–45 age range. Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida were discovered in 21 and 26 women, respectively, accounting for 17.5% and 21.67% of infections, but bacterial vaginosis infections were common in women (n=59), representing approximately 49.16% of scenarios. The majority of the patients (n=62; 51.67% and n=29; 24.16%) exhibited homogeneous and mucopurulent discharge respectively. Low socioeconomic class, premature sexual activity, and recognized genetic factors for unusual vaginal secretions, are one of the important risk factors that cause mortality in women in the form of lack of self, reduced work time, more hospital visits, and miscarriage. To assess the potential health benefits, thorough economic studies must be conducted after these experiments. It can assist doctors in implementing the proper antimicrobial therapy to treat these illnesses, avoid long-term complications, as well as avoid overdiagnosis and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Humanity Publications Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, North West Teaching Hospital, Northwest School of Medicine, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Medical Officer, THQ Hospital, Sadda, Kurram Agency, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/utilization-of-the-microbiological-profile-of-symptomatic-vaginal-discharge-in-rural-reproductiveage-women https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393879 2022-06-30 gdddr

The Impact of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection on the Vitamin D3 Levels among Women in Childbearing Age, Treatment and Effect on Fetal Brain Development Sikandar Ali Khan Erum Rehman Muhammad Bilal Khattak Zakia Subhan Sara Yar Khan Zahid Irfan Marwat Vaginal Discharge Pathogens Genital Tract Infections Bacterial Vaginosis Pregnant women are at increased risk for contracting toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection. During pregnancy, the fetal developing brain is especially vulnerable to the stress of an infection, which could result in miscarriage or other complications. The study's goal is to examine how Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection affects maternal viremia and the mental development of their kids.: In all, about 446 working-age women were asked about their preferences for prenatal care, reproductive care, and urgent care. Beckman is the provider of a 25(OH) VD Access Kit, which may be purchased by customers. To confirm the presence of T. gondii antibodies, blood samples were analysed for levels of 25(OH)D (D3) and ELISA kits were used that were designed specifically for use with humans. They administered a variety of drugs to him and monitored his condition very carefully while doing so. SPSS was used in order to do the analysis of the study's data.: Among the 117 people tested, 31 had IgM antibodies, 49 had IgG antibodies, and 13 had both. Abortion-related proteins were detected in the sera of 65.4% of women who had only one abortion. Most people (98%) were found to have adequate VD (25(OH)D>50 nmol/L) at the time of delivery, with the mean (IQR) 25(OH)D level being 102.1 nmol/L (34-218 nmol/L). It was concluded that Healthy people who are not pregnant generally recover from toxoplasmosis without therapy. Combinations of medications including pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and folinic acid may help pregnant women, neonates, and infants feel better, despite the parasite perhaps remaining latent inside tissue cells following therapy. Parasitic illnesses and parasite infections have received little attention in vivo and in vitro studies. Humanity Publications Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacology, Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Medicine, Khyber Girls Medical College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacology Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khyber Medical University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-toxoplasma-gondii-infection-on-the-vitamin-d3-levels-among-women-in-childbearing-age-treatment-and-effect-on-fetal-brain-development https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Association between Obedience to Nutritional Recommendation and its Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Study from Pakistan Aleina Ali Shah Sumera Shams Ayesha Sikandar Zabih ULLAH Sikandar Ali Khan Irum Javed Dietary Recommendations Factors Diabetes Mellitus Insulin Diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined by chronically elevated glucose levels due to abnormalities in insulin production, activity, or even both. This causes major damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves with time. The objective of the research was to evaluate the relationship between dietary recommendations and associated factors among Pakistani adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Patients. A cross-sectional research was conducted at the Hayatabad Medical Complex from Jan 2022 to June 2022. There were 120 patients suffering from T2DM were included. Only 23 (19.17%) out of 120 patients showed satisfactory dietary adherence. People involved who lived in a single-family household had an AOR of 2.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.2–7.6), the participant who could afford the recommended diet had an AOR of 2.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.2–8.4), participants had self-control over their eating habits had an AOR of 4.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.3–14.2), participants engaged in moderate-to-intense physical activity had an AOR of 3.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.3–9.4), Persons with T2DM have inadequate obedience to dietary recommendations. Family background, accessibility of the suggested diet, food self-control, exercise, and medication are all strongly linked to how well T2DM patients follow dietary recommendations. Humanity Publications Public Health and Research Department, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Former Chairperson, Standing Committee on Health Provincial Assembly, KP, Pakistan. Director Skills Medical Education, Department NWSM, Northwest General Hospital & Research Center, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Emergency Care, Wazir Muhammad Institute of Paramedical Technology, Gandhara University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/association-between-obedience-to-nutritional-recommendation-and-its-associated-factors-among-type-2-diabetes-patients-a-study-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Tirofiban in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials Zia ur Rahman Irfan Ali Khan Qazi Najeeb Ullah Amin Kashif Ullah Farman Ullah Sami Ullah Tirofiban Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ST-Segment Elevation My0cardial Infarction Whether or whether or not tirofiban is beneficial within side the quick time period for sufferers with STEMI who go through PCI is debatable. A meta-analysis validated the short-term efficacy and safety of tirofiban in patients with ST-phase elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Comparing STEMI patients undergoing PCI with and without tirofiban. We found all relevant randomised controlled trials by searching scientific databases and websites. This fixed-results model computed RR and 95% CI. 10 RCTs included 5008 people. After 30 days, death from any cause (RR 0.79, CI 0.55-1.12, P=0.18), major bleeding (1.37, 0.93-2.03, P=0.11), or transfusion (1.23, 0.94-1.61, P=0.13) were no longer impacted. Minor bleeding (1.29, 1.02-1.63, P=0.04), thrombocytopenia (2.04, 1.40-2.97, P=0.0002), and 6-month all-purpose mortality (0.57, 0.36-0.90, P=0.02) showed statistically significant differences. Repeat revascularization (0.58, 0.43-0.78, P=0.0004) and myocardial infarction (0.55, 0.33-0.92, P=0.02) also differed. Mild bleeding and thrombocytopenia are more common with tirofiban, although reinfarction, revascularization, and death after 6 months are decreased. Humanity Publications MBBS, FCPS, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-tirofiban-in-patients-undergoing-percutaneous-coronary-intervention-for-stsegment-elevation-myocardial-infarction-a-metaanalysis-of-randomized-clinical-trials https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Pedicular Screw Instrumentation Outcome in Posterior Spinal Fusion of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Muhammad Naeem Muhammad Jamil Noor Ul Islam Muhammad Ayaz Khan Neelab Qaiser Alam Outcome Pedicular Screw Instrumentation Posterior Spinal Fusion Idiopathic Adolescent Scoliosis Cobb Angle Scoliosis affects young and growing age population mostly in age of 10–16 years, having prevalence of 10-15% in literature and 90% of patients have idiopathic adolescence scoliosis. Our study will assess the curve correction by posterior spinal fusion technique the results of which if found comparable as in literature using different techniques. To find out the outcome in instrumentation related to pedicular screw in posterior spinal fusion in idiopathic adolescent scoliosis to improve the Cobb angle. 42 sufferers had been observed. After inclusion, a detailed clinical history was noted with general physical and systemic examination. Radiographs and MRI of the total spine had been performed. The point of intersection of vertical line was taken as preoperative Cobb angle. Deformity was categorized as moderate or severe based on Cobb angle on PA view. 14 years was mean age with standard deviation ± 3.26. 42% sufferers were male while 58% sufferers were female. 65% patients had corrected outcome on the other hand, 35% patients had not corrected outcome. Our study concludes that pedicular screw instrumentation had 65% corrected outcome in posterior spinal fusion in idiopathic adolescent scoliosis in terms of improvement in Cobb angle. Humanity Publications Saidu Teaching Hospital, Swat, KP, Pakistan. Timergara Teaching Hospital, Dir Lower, KP, Pakistan. Medical Officer, THQ Hospital, Shangla, Besham, KP, Pakistan. Head, Department of Orthopedic and Trauma, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. Medical Officer, Saidu Teaching Hospital, Swat, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/pedicular-screw-instrumentation-outcome-in-posterior-spinal-fusion-of-adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Prevalence, Treatment, Outcome, and Drug Susceptibility Pattern for Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in the Southern Region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Faisal Younis Muhammad Nadeem Sajad Ahmad Husnian Hashim Raheela Bano Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis Prevalence Drug Susceptibility Tuberculosis is a 5000-year-old bacterial disease and the second leading cause of death. The MDR strain of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis has exacerbated TB's medication resistance in Pakistan. Our study aims to assess the prevalence, treatment outcome, and medication resistance pattern of MDR TB patients in Dere Ismail Khan Mufti Mehmood Hospital's PMDT Unit. From 2013 to March 2019, 298 patients were recorded on PMDT. Our investigation found 10% of MDR TB cases. Among 298 MDR TB patients, 62 (20.8%) are being treated, and all are drug-resistant. Our study had 133 (44.6%) successful treatments. 103 (34.5%) treatments fail. To control the high resistance rate, low treatment success rate, and primary transmission of MDR-TB in D.I.Khan Pakistan, we recommended that each MDR patient support socially, improve living standards, and medical security, and evaluate proper treatment, understand risk factors, and improving treatment outcome. Humanity Publications Physician /Coordinator, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Regional Blood Centre, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Regional Blood Centre, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Consultant Neurologist and Head of Neurology Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Department of Pathology Gomal medical college, , Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/prevalence-treatment-outcome-and-drug-susceptibility-pattern-for-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-patients-in-the-southern-region-of-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394035 2022-06-30 gdddr

Attitude of Students towards the Current Examination System: An Institutional-based Study Shah Nawaz Alamzeb Jadoon Muhammad Idrees Zahid Irfan Marwat Muhammad Safdar Aamir Sheheryar Examination System Problem-based Learning Only educated people can develop a nation. Educational success requires good testing. Expertise is best assessed by exams. Tests demonstrate pupil understanding. The study studied medical students' test system satisfaction and assessment method preferences. From September 2021 to March 2022, all Nowshera Medical College (NMC) students completed a cross-sectional summary questionnaire. The query followed a short teacher and test supervisor poll. A–C themes. Percentages and counts. 34% of students gave B marks, 33% gave C grades, and 61% said the method is not helping them build ideas. 82% wanted a more practical system, with 35% favouring a semester system, 26% PBL, and 22% engaging sessions. Most students support the current test system with PBL. Some suggested a quarter system. Humanity Publications Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor of Physiology, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor of Biochemistry, Bacha Khan Dental College Maradan, KP, Pakistan. Professor of Biochemistry, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Consultant Department of General Internal Medicine, Midway Maritime Hospital, NHS Trust, Kent, United Kingdom. Lecturer of Biochemistry, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/attitude-of-students-towards-the-current-examination-system-an-institutionalbased-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design & Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394156 2022-06-30 gdddr

Effect of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Muhammad Bilal Khattak Bashir Khan Javaid Hassan Sara Mariyum Mehreen Ismail Sahar Ikram Vitamin D Calciferol 25(OH)D Blood Pressure Diabetes Mellitus Objective: In Trinidadian Type 2 Diabetes Militias patients, we investigated the connection between calciferol, blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Experiments have shown a connection between calciferol and elevated blood pressure. ELISA was used to determine the calediol (25(OH)D value, which is a calciferol indicator. A computerized dry chemistry device was utilized to obtain cholesterol readings, while an automated blood pressure scale was utilized to obtain blood pressure readings. Results: Type 2 diabetes mellitus did not affect 25(OH)D levels (p=0.128, n=76). Systolic blood pressure above 135 millimetres Hg was associated with 25-hydroxy calciferol blood levels above 32 ng/mL and plasma amounts above 27 ng/mL. Systolic blood pressure correlated modestly with calciferol levels (rs=0.39, p<0.001). Conclusion: People who had a diastolic blood pressure of 130 mmHg were eight times more likely to have a serum calciferol level that was greater than 27 ng/mL. This had 8.00 odds. (2.3 to 27.4). Cafferol and hypertension study is needed. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad Phase 5, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Muhammad College of Medicine, Yasin Abad, Budni Road, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Swat Medical College, Swat, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Biochemistry, Federal Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/effect-of-vitamin-d-on-blood-pressure-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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HCV Genotypes Distribution among HCV Patients with Biochemical markers in District Mardan Khalida Kousar Hayat Ur Rehman Abida Yasmeen Muhammad Fayaz Biochemical Markers Genotype Hepatitis C Virus Prevalence Viral Load Hepatitis C causes chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer, and its genotypes vary widely among countries. This study aimed to determine HCV patients' genotype distribution and biochemical indicators. Blood samples from enrolled HCV-positive cases were processed and viral RNA was extracted using the "RNA extraction Qiagene kit" to genotype and quantify viral load using Real Time polymerase chain reaction (Rotor Gene Q-PCR equipment).Analysis was performed by SPSS with p-value < 0.05. Results showed that 198 (91.66%) of 216 patients were 3a genotyped and had higher Alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 39-85%). Genotype 3a dominates in Mardan and nearby areas. Infected patients with genotype-3a had a greater pre-treatment HCV viral load than those with genotypes 1a, 1b, and 5a, although other genotypes had higher biochemical markers (P<0.05). Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Paediatric Surgery, Qazi Husain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Qazi Husain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/hcv-genotypes-distribution-among-hcv-patients-with-biochemical-markers-in-district-mardan https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394036 2022-09-30 gdddr

Frequency of Acne in Healthcare Providers with Prolonged Use of Face Masks in Rawal Institute of Health Sciences: The Post-Covid Era Neelam Ayub Mahwish Ahmed Mahvish Aftab Khan Furquana Niaz Shahzad Ahmad Shanza Obaid Niazi Acne Face Masks Covid19 Post-covid Era Health Care Providers This study studied post-covid healthcare workers' acne vulgaris rates after prolonged face mask use. Methodology: Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad conducted this cross-sectional study from July 1, 2021, to June 31, 2022. 196 health staff wore masks having no allergies or dermatoses. Dermatologists rated acne according to GAGS (Global Acne Severity System). Skin type, acne history, comedogenic skin care products, acne area, and severity were noted. Counted acne vulgaris. IBM SPSS 25 used chi square test to correlate acne with gender, rank, past acne, and mask type. Results: 32.40±7.5 years for 196. 83 (42.3%) men, 113 (57.7%) women. 95 (48.5%) docs, 61 (31.1%) nurses, 21 (10.7%) aides, 19 (9.7%) paramedics. 94 (48%). 91 (46.4%) used N95 masks and 93 (47.4%) medical masks. 109 (55.6%) wore masks for 5-10 hours, 67 (34.2%) for >10, and 20 (10.2%) for <5. 62(31.6%) had acne. N95 mask use affected acne, not gender (p<0.05). Conclusion: Mask-wearing healthcare workers have acne vulgaris regardless of gender. N95 masks cause acne. Humanity Publications Senior Registrar Dermatology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Dermatology, HBS Medical and Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Dermatology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. Professor of Dermatology, Karachi Institute of Medical Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Medicine and Allied, North West General Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. Consultant Dermatologist Estheticare F7, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/frequency-of-acne-in-healthcare-providers-with-prolonged-use-of-face-masks-in-rawal-institute-of-health-sciences-the-postcovid-era https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394037 2022-09-30 gdddr

Frequency Of Vitamin D Deficiency in Mothers of Children with and Without Ricket Shah Nawaz Shahab Alam Ayesha Qadir Nabila Sher Mohammad Haleema Jadoon Bashir Khan Rachitis 25-OHD Mother Children Vitamin D Vitamin D insufficiency is now considered a pandemic due to its widespread occurrence. Women don't retain vitamin D well, and babies with deficiencies frequently get rickets. Objective: to assess the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in mothers of infants with and without rickets. Methodology: Our study included 50 hospital OPD-referred mothers of infants without rickets and 40 with vitamin D deficiency rickets. Food, sun exposure, demography, and social life were asked of all moms. Blood samples from voluntary mothers of children with and without rickets or rachitis were biochemically studied. These included serum alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphate, and calcium values. The Chemical Analyser Microlab 300 performed all tests. ELISA measured blood vitamin D. Results: Rickets-affected moms had vitamin D deficiency in 98% of cases, compared to 53% of mothers of infants without rickets. Moms and children had similar vitamin D levels. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency in moms of infants with rachitis should be assessed and treated. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Department of Public Health, Kabir Institute of Public Health, Peshawar (Gandhara University Peshawar), KP, Pakistan. Department of Histopathology, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry Khyber Girls Medical College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Biochemistry, Khyber Girls Medical College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/frequency-of-vitamin-d-deficiency-in-mothers-of-children-with-and-without-ricket https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394051 2022-09-30 gdddr

The Pharmacological Effects of Curcuma Longa Linn in Wound Healing and Relieving Inflammation Khushboo Chandio Bashir Khan Omer Farooq Mubarik Ali Ayesha Mukhtar Muhammad Munaam Ijaz Anti-diabetic Antioxidant Anti-microbial Anti-inflammatory Curcumin Curcuma Longa is the scientific name of turmeric, a member of the Zingiberaceae family of plants. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine in different countries since long ago. But now, it is more popularly known for its wound-healing and inflammation-relieving properties. Curcumin is the biologically active ingredient responsible for these actions of Curcuma Longa. It acts at different stages of wound healing and makes it heal more quickly. It prevents inflammation and helps the immune system of the body. It also exhibits more pharmacological properties like anti-cancerous, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, etc. This review will explain how curcumin heals wounds and acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Moreover, this will also shed light on the latest formulations of curcumin, treatingwounds and inflammation. Topical formulations are often used for immediate response and effect because they are very strong and provide relief quickly. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Peoples Nursing School LUMHS, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, FCPS General Surgery, District Headquarter Hospital, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan. Animal Science Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, Hajvery University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, Quaid-e-Azam College of Pharmacy, Pattoki, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/the-pharmacological-effects-of-curcuma-longa-linn-in-wound-healing-and-relieving-inflammation https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394129 2022-09-30 gdddr

Effects of Nitric Oxide Dump Exercise upon Blood Pressure Levels of Middle-aged Hypertension Patients: A Study of District Karak Hameed Ullah Muhammad Aslam Inam Ullah Effects Nitric Dump Exercise Blood Pressure Middle-aged &amp; Hypertension Patients The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of Nitric Oxide Dump (NOD) exercise on Blood Pressure (BP) levels of hypertension patients. For this purpose, twenty (20) moderate hypertension patients of Takhte Nasrate, Karak District were selected as subjects at random. A randomized pretest-posttest Equivalent-Group Design was used in the current study. As a result, ten (10) subjects were included in the Experimental Group (EG) and the same number of subjects i.e. ten (10) were included in the Control Group (CG). The EG was given a 6-week NOD exercise for low intensity for 3 weeks, medium intensity for 3 weeks and high intensity for 1 week. Results indicated that NOD exercise helped in reducing the blood pressure levels of hypertension patients. The results obtained through the current study justify the use of nitric dump oxide exercise, as one of the important interventions to reduce blood pressure levels of hypertension patients. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, Government College of Physical Education, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Balochistan Residential College, Zhob, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/effects-of-nitric-oxide-dump-exercise-upon-blood-pressure-levels-of-middleaged-hypertension-patients-a-study-of-district-karak https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:393984 2022-12-30 gdddr

Telehealth Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases Patients: A Quantitative Study Irfan Arif Telehealth Telemedicine Tele-clinic ehealth Cardiovascular Diseases Telehealth provides medical treatment, patient education, self-care, and health information using digital communication technology. Telehealth involves remote data exchange between a patient and a healthcare provider. Telehealth may enhance health care in underdeveloped countries. This research examines how Pakistani physicians and nurses see telemedicine for cardiovascular disease therapy. We employed non-probability sampling to pick respondents for this quantitative investigation. In this research, 30 individuals completed a well-designed questionnaire. 63 percent were male, 37 percent female. The researchers concluded that telemedicine intervention is useful for cardiovascular disease and possibly many other illnesses and ailments. These findings did not prove it was always useful. International NGOs are helping telehealth expand. These organisations help poor rural Pakistanis improve their health. Telehealth and personal health information has spread via electronic and social media. Telehealth helps battle cardiovascular problems by connecting patients in urban and rural Pakistan to competent hospitals and institutes. Telehealth may reduce patient wait times. Telehealth platform users who continuously address their particular health challenges may outperform the overall population, according to the research. Telehealt make treatment easier and more accessible for patients. There aren't enough physicians, nurses, hospital beds, specialists, or appointments on patients' chosen Humanity Publications University of Essex, Colchester, England 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/telehealth-intervention-of-cardiovascular-diseases-patients-a-quantitative-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Role of Suprapubic Cystostomy in BPH Patients Presented with first time for Acute Retention of Urine Khalid Hussain Maria Tariq Imran Amin Bilal Ahmed Bilal Akhtar Azeem Ahmed BPH Retention Suprapubic Cystostomy AUR PUC TWOC The study compares the role of suprapubic cystostomy versus per urethral catheterization in BPH patients with acute retention of urine. Majority 80% patients were 50-70 years old. The higher number of patients in Group A (18/25) voided normally with good flow rate of almost 15ml/sec and non-significant residual urine, compared to Group B (13/25). In Group B, 12 patients required re- catheterization while only 7 in Group A needed to have their suprapubic catheter opened. All patients took Tamsulosin 0.4mg daily. Patients in Group A had their suprapubic catheter clamped and tested for voiding through the urethra; while Group B was tested without a catheter. The flow rate and PMRV noted. In group A, 7 patients had retention relieved by a suprapubic catheter. Two patients pulled out per urethral catheterization and was excluded from the study. The results showed the effectiveness of suprapubic cystostomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients with first-time urine retention. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor/Head of Urology Department, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. PGR Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan HOD & Professor of Surgery, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. PGR Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Registrar Urology, GMC Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan PGR Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/role-of-suprapubic-cystostomy-in-bph-patients-presented-with-first-time-for-acute-retention-of-urine https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Frequency of Hypovitaminosis D in Children with "Growing Pains" Shah Nawaz Sara Yar Khan Neelam Ayub Kalsoom Tariq Sikandar Ali Khan Bashir Khan Vitamin D Growing Pains Vitamin D3 Hypovitaminosis D Objective: To determine the frequency of Hypovitaminosis D in kids by increasing pains and to find out the relationships among biochemical biomarkers and serum vitamin D concentration levels. Study Design: An exploratory cross-sectional investigation was conducted. Methodology: Growing pains were diagnosed in 100 outpatient children aged 5–12 with diffuse lower leg pains. The study excluded infants with arthritis, systemic diseases, organic pain, rheumatologic diseases, or rickets symptoms. We measured total inorganic phosphate, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and vitamin D3 (25-hydroxycholecalciferol). Group A had enough vitamin D3 (> 75 nmol/L), Group B had 50–75, and Group C had levels below 50. Group rates mattered at 0.05 in the chi-square test. Results: 9-year-olds and 60% women participated. 7% of infants with growth pains had enough vitamin D. 95% of vitamin D-deficient babies had high alkaline phosphatase. Conclusion: Growth pains may cause hypovitaminosis D. Youngster's Vitamin D levels should be tested for unusual leg pain. Molecular clues cannot diagnose hypovitaminosis D. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Senior Registrar, Department of Dermatology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/frequency-of-hypovitaminosis-d-in-children-with-growing-pains https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Incidence of Fatty Liver and its Correlation with the Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population Faryal Kifayat Muhammad Tahir Asad Ullah Bashir Khan Faridullah Shah Tania Naveel Diabetes Steatohepatitis Pioglitazone Hepatic Steatosis Cardiovascular Disease This article provides a concise summary of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus in relevance to the enhanced likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with type 2 diabetes (DM2). It lists potential cardiovascular disease risk factors that explain why DM2 patients are prone to acquire CVD. T2DM and NAFLD diseases are caused by pathophysiological problems, such as being too fat and not responding well to insulin. NAFLD may be a sign of CVD and death in T2DM patients, who are at the edge of developing liver disease that leads to death. 10% of people who suffer from DM2 also have non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Diet and exercise are helpful. Drugs like pioglitazone are used to improve insulin sensitivity, and antioxidants are used to reduce oxidative stress (such as vitamin E). But no one knows yet if these drugs are dangerous in the long run or if they can help reduce fibrosis. Humanity Publications Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Federal Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, Mufti Mehmood Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/incidence-of-fatty-liver-and-its-correlation-with-the-diabetes-mellitus-in-the-general-population https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Development of Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assay for Detection and Monitoring of BCR ABL1 P190 Transcript in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Gulshan Munir Gulrukh Hafsa Tariq Shazia Ambreen Hamed Mahabat Khan Shehla Riaz RT-qPCR BCR ABL1 P190 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Detection Introduction: Most Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) alleles are BCR1ABL1 p190 fusion transcripts. Objectives: Enhance and test acute lymphoblastic leukaemia BCR-ABL1 p190 transcript finding and tracking RT qPCR tool. Methodology: Cycle frequency, primer concentration, and real-time qPCR output, volume, and results improve acute lymphoblastic leukaemia data. Normal curve and element analysis needed enough cDNA. Before cDNA, Nanodrop tested distal blood RNA. Nanodrop RNA measures and extracts RNA. We used specialised gear and BCR-ABL P190 primers to find a genomic variety. Numerous samples were examined for accuracy. Trials lasted 1–3 days. Results: 15 BCR-ABL+ALL tissues had CT values around 25 cycles. The water stopped errors. Retested parts. 45 chronic myeloid and 15 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia samples were BCR-ABLp190-negative using the same method. Conclusion: Real-time PCR found BCR-ABL1. Better BCR-ABL1 p190 detection and lab accuracy allow real-time qPCR to track ALL. Humanity Publications TMO Haematology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. TMO Haematology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Haematology, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. TMO Haematology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. TMO Haematology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. TMO Haematology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/development-of-realtime-quantitative-pcr-assay-for-detection-and-monitoring-of-bcr-abl1-p190-transcript-in-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394163 2023-03-30 gdddr

Oral Administration of Magnesium Hydroxide to Subjects with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Effects on Magnesium and Potassium Levels and on Insulin Requirements Muhammad Bilal Khattak Farid Ullah Shah Mehreen Ismail Javaid Hassan Sara Mariyum Muhammad Kashif Shahid Khan Vitamin D Calciferol 25(OH)D Blood Pressure Diabetes Mellitus Introduction: Diabetics lack potassium and magnesium. (Mg). Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia cause vasoconstriction and glucose breakdown, so all hypomagnesemia diabetics should take K and Mg daily to prevent diabetic arterial disease. Methodology: 80 types 1 diabetes (T1-DM) patients were analyzed for parameters like K, Mg, Serum, Lipids, and HBA1c. After giving 1.7mg/dL blood Mg patients, 300mg Mg oxide daily for 3 months, the parameters were re-examined. 40 insulin-dependent diabetic men and women averaged 16.79 ± 4.00 years, Mg 2.94.38/dL. 30.3% had hypomagnesemia. Blood magnesium levels are inversely associated with age, diabetes length (P value 0.002) and other parameters and are favourably correlated with mean corpuscular volume, HDL, and platelet counts. Mg supplementation substantially lowered HBA1c. HBA1c started at 09.22%1.98%. Oral K and Mg tablets for three months lower it to 6.77%1.53%. (P0.003). it also lowered LDL, blood lipids, and total cholesterol in hypomagnesemia diabetics. Conclusion: Oral Mg intake in T1-DM patients improves glucose control, atherogenic lipid proportion, and therapeutic lipid component. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Muhammad College of Medicine, Yasin Abad, Budni Road, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Swat Medical College, Swat, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/oral-administration-of-magnesium-hydroxide-to-subjects-with-insulindependent-diabetes-mellitus-effects-on-magnesium-and-potassium-levels-and-on-insulin-requirements https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394192 2023-03-30 gdddr

Aggression in Wives of Ploy Drug Addicts: Comparative Analysis Riffat Sadiq Sumaira Hayat Rabia Waheed Ploy Drug Addiction Aggression Physical Aggression Verbal Anger hostility The prime objective of the study was to examine the aggression and its types among wives of poly drug addicts and non-drug addicts in comparison to each other. That comparative study was done in Faisalabad city and, for that purpose, total hundred women including fifty (n = 50) wives of poly drug addicts were selected from drug treatment hospitals using convenient sampling. While fifty (n= 50) wives of non- drug addicts were selected using snowball sampling from general population. Personal Information Sheet and Urdu version of Aggression Questionnaire (Shafique & Sadiq, 2019) were applied on participants to collect the data. SPSS version 25.0 was used to compute the descriptive statistics, normality test, independent samples t-test and regression analysis on the present research data. Statistical analysis has depicted that wives of ploy drug addicts reported more aggression (t = 16.34, df = 98 , p = 0.000), physical aggression (t = 14.88 , df = 98, p = 0.000), verbal aggression (t = 6.53 , df = 98 , p =0.000), anger (t = 10.44 , df = 98, p =0.000) and hostility (t = 13.22, df = 98, p = 0.000) than wives of non-drug addicts. Furthermore, duration of husbands’ addiction and number of treatment predicted aggression in wives. Poly drug addiction of husband adversely harms the psychological health of wives and escalates aggressive feelings and emotions in wives. Humanity Publications In charge/Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of Applied Psychology, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. BS Student, Department of Applied Psychology, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/aggression-in-wives-of-ploy-drug-addicts-comparative-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394219 2023-03-30 gdddr

Assessment of Vitamin D Status and Response to Vitamin D3 in Obese and Non-Obese Children and Adults Muhammad Shoaib Mehreen Ismail Mehak E Fatima Fazeelat Hajra Karim Shazia Muazam Afshan Iftikhar Vitamin D Vitamin D3 Obese Children Adult Due to its great prevalence and harmful consequences on health, obesity appears to be a serious problem in today's society. Studies have connected obesity with lower blood calcifediol concentrations. Examining the blood vitamin D levels among overweight and non-obese adults as well as adolescents was the goal of the current study, as well as compare how they responded to the similar oral vitamin D3 treatment. The blood vitamin D levels of a small number of obese children and adults and some obese individuals were compared in a non-randomized clinical study. 1 pearl of vitamin D3 (50 000 Iu) was given to those with a blood vitamin D status of thirty milligrams per milliliter (74 occurrences) every week for six weeks. Two weeks after starting therapy, serum vitamin D levels were tested once again. At baseline, individuals with obesity had a frequency of low Vit D level of 42/44 (95.5%) compared to 31/46 (66.6%) of patients with non- obesity (p 0.002). The aforementioned percentages were reduced to 24/43 (55.8%) and 1/30 (3.3%), respectively, following therapy for these individuals (p 0.001). Our investigation showed that patients, especially those who were obese, frequently had vitamin D deficiencies. Moreover, the obese group shows a modest therapeutic response. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Gajju khan Medical College, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Forensic Medicine, Rawal Institute of Health and Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, HBS Medical and Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Muhammad College of Medicine, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/assessment-of-vitamin-d-status-and-response-to-vitamin-d3-in-obese-and-nonobese-children-and-adults https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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MRI-Assisted Prevalence and Pattern Analysis of Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in Pediatric Patients Amir Mohammed Muhammad Qasim khan Kiramatullah Haji Gul Afridi Sijad-Ur-Rehman Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Pediatric Magnetic Resonance Imaging To examine the prevalence and pattern of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in pediatric patients This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics LRH Peshawar from Jan 2020 to July 2020 and included 50 pediatric patients newly born to 16 years old with HIE. All patients had MRIs. HIE, damage pattern, and affected regions were evaluated on the MRI. The overall prevalence of HIE was 28%. Mild to moderate HIE was the most prevalent pattern, accounting for 19% of the cases. The most common pattern of injury was global (14%), followed by focal (12%) and multifocal (2%). The most affected areas were the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortical white matter. The results showed that HIE was 28%, with the majority of cases being moderate to mild. The most common pattern of injury was global, followed by focal and multifocal. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, LRH Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, BKMC/MMC Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, BKMC/MMC Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Paeds GJkMC Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, BKMC Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/mriassisted-prevalence-and-pattern-analysis-of-hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy-in-pediatric-patients https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: Insights from Angiographic Assessment Aurang Zeb Hadi Yousaf Saeed Sher Wali Khan Inam-u-llah Madeeha Jadoon Type-2 Diabetes Coronary Heart Disease Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Hypertension Angiography Diabetic people, especially those with diabetes (type 2), have a two- to three-fold greater chance of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to non-diabetics. By assessing the angiograms of diabetic as well as non-diabetic individuals, the current study sought to determine the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the degree and intensity of CAD. This cross-sectional study included 138 male patients out of 1246 patients who underwent coronary angiography for suspected CAD. Type 2 diabetes had been diagnosed in 78 of these patients. fourteen diabetic patients were not found to have CAD. Sixty-four (46.37%) of the diabetic patients and sixty (43.47%) of the non-diabetic patients were found to have CAD and were then examined in the current investigation. Type-2 diabetes demonstrated significantly greater hypertension and age disparities than non-diabetics. Diabetes patients had an increased prevalence of multi-lesion, multivessel, extensive, and relatively small vessel disease than people without diabetes. The left circumflex artery was indeed the coronary artery that was typically frequently affected in diabetes individuals. People who have diabetes (n = 41; 64.7%) had substantially (P = 0.02) greater rates of triple vessel involvement. The structure of the coronary arteries is significantly impacted by diabetes type 2 which is also linked to hypertension, age, and an increased risk of multivessel and severe CAD. Humanity Publications Department of Cardiology, Saidu Teaching Hospital, Swat, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor of Cardiology, SFMKB Institute of Cardiology, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. FCPS Resident Adult Cardiology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/impact-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-on-the-severity-of-coronary-artery-disease-insights-from-angiographic-assessment https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Prostate Specific Antigen as a Tumor Marker in Prostate Cancer: Exploring Biochemical and Clinical Aspects Abid Khan Muhammad Umar Abid Yousaf Mehmood Burki Attaullah Muhammad Zuhair Muhammad Haseeb Aftab Antigen Tumor Marker Prostate Cancer Biochemical Clinical Aspects This study explores the role of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) as a tumour marker in prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis.A cohort of 120 participants aged 45 to 70 years underwent a cross-sectional analysis of PSA levels and their correlation with tumour characteristics.Data collection involved structured interviews and medical record reviews. Diagnostic assessments, including histopathological analysis and Gleason scores (6 to 9), were performed. PSA levels were correlated with tumour characteristics. Statistical analysis utilized IBM SPSS Statistics.The distribution of PSA levels (mean: 8.52 ng/mL, median: 7.89 ng/mL) reflected variations. A positive correlation (0.67) existed between PSA levels and Gleason scores. Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis yielded an AUC of 0.82, indicating good diagnostic accuracy.The study provides insights into PSA's diagnostic potential and its correlation with tumour characteristics in prostate cancer.Acknowledging limitations, this research prompts validation efforts to bridge research and clinical understanding. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Khyber Medical University-Institute of Health Sciences, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Student, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Khyber Medical University-Institute of Health Sciences, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Medical Laboratory Technologist, Talha Clinical Laboratory, Gul Medical Centre, Dargai, Malakand, KP, Pakistan Student, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil. Department of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/prostate-specific-antigen-as-a-tumor-marker-in-prostate-cancer-exploring-biochemical-and-clinical-aspects https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394817 2023-03-30 gdddr

Circulating Thyroid Hormone Levels among Patients with Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, and Hypertensive Disorders in the Population of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: An Analytical Comparison Bushra Rehman Hira Ikram Rabiya Nasir Aiman Umar Seema Nawaz Thyroxin Tri iodothyronine Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Chemiluminiscence Immunoassay This research set out to determine the levels of TSH, T4, and T3 in various age groups, genders, and conditions such as heart disease, gastroenteritis, and hypertension. Chemiluminiscence immunoassay (CLIA) was used to measure the serum levels of TSH, T4, and T3 in stomach, heart, and hypertension patients of various age groups and genders. Gender differences were seen in thyroid hormone levels. Based on our findings, women have a wider TSH range than men. Women's mean T3 values are nearly identical to those of men, whereas women's T4 values are higher than men's.  Hormone levels vary significantly across people with heart disease, hypertension, and gastrointestinal disorders. While the values of T3 and T4 are normal, the mean TSH value in several patients was somewhat higher than the normal range. Hormone levels are influenced by age in a similar manner. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of food and Nutrition, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/circulating-thyroid-hormone-levels-among-patients-with-cardiovascular-gastrointestinal-and-hypertensive-disorders-in-the-population-of-peshawar-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-an-analytical-comparison https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394308 2023-06-30 gdddr

Prevalence of Hypertension in Patients Presenting to Mardan Medical Complex for ABPM Monitoring: A Cross-Sectional Study Noorul Hadi Shafiq Alam Asfandiyar Sarmad Raza Jehandad Khan Syed Tahir Shah Hypertension Mardan Medical Complex ABPM Cardiology Heart A major contributor to morbidity and mortality globally is hypertension. It is usually underdiagnosed. ABPM has a role in diagnosing this important entity in a general asymptomatic population. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out at the Cardiac Diagnostic Centre of the Cardiology Department of MTI Mardan Medical Complex, where we reviewed our ABPM computer registry from June 2017 to December 2022. The frequency of blood pressure was 36%. In different age groups, it was more in males than females. Hypertension is common and more prevalent in males than females. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Post Graduate Trainee, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Post Graduate Trainee, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Cardiology Unit, Kuwait Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/prevalence-of-hypertension-in-patients-presenting-to-mardan-medical-complex-for-abpm-monitoring-a-crosssectional-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394311 2023-06-30 gdddr

Evaluation Of The Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacological Effects Of Artemisia Annua Extracts Artemisinin In Vitro And In Vivo Muhammad Saqib Samiyah Tasleem Kamran Afzal Faisal Rashid Asma Siddiq Ali Asghar Bhutto Anti-inflammatory Cytokines Inflammatory mediators Interleukines Potent drugs Artemisia annua L. is acknowledged as a traditional medicinal plant bearing potent antimalarial, antileishmanial, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant potential. Therefore, this study was carried out to explore the anti-inflammatory impact of A. annua both in vitro and in vivo in rabbit models. We procured fresh A. annua plant material from local nurseries and Artemisinin was extracted from its leaves. The anti-inflammatory potential of the herb was found significant (p<0.05) in terms of IC-50 against the control. For in vivo trial, 50 rabbits were procured and 5-HT were injected parenterally into their paws to generate inflammation and were subsequently treated with Artemisinin, acetylsalicylic acid, and normal saline for the control group. Rabbits were treated using three different concentrations of Artemisinin @ 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 500mg/ml in Group A, B and C, respectively, while, Group D using Acetylsalicylic acid @ 80mg/Kg and Group E served as control. The rabbits of Group C demonstrated the greatest reduction in inflammation in the inflamed paws of model rabbits within the first four hours of treatment and significantly (p<0.05) reduced the swelling after two and four hours by 40 and 60 per cent, respectively. Artemisinin has a thus potent anti-inflammatory effect and can be employed as commercial anti inflammatory medicine. Humanity Publications Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Microbiology, FUUAST and University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Senior Instructor, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Aga Khan University, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/evaluation-of-the-antiinflammatory-pharmacological-effects-of-artemisia-annua-extracts-artemisinin-in-vitro-and-in-vivo https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394346 2023-06-30 gdddr

Emerging Trends in Nano-Theranostics: Platinum-based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment Samia Asif Sammia Shahid Nanomedicines Platinum Drugs Chemotherapeutic Pharmacological drugs Nanotechnology is the most common and frequently used technology that aims to improve the efficacy of medical procedures, sometimes known as Nanomedicine. With their impressive pharmacological efficacy as nanomedicines and delivery systems, nano materials have been recognized as attractive diagnostic and chemotherapeutic tools to treat diseases. To treat a wide range of solid malignant tumors, Drugs built on platinum complexes are now the foundation for many other therapies. They are often used to treat a varietym of solid tumors in the clinic, including head and neck, colorectal, lung and other malignancies. Cell-specific targeting with nano-carriers is possible using both active and passive techniques. This paper provides a thorough overview of platinum-based drug delivery system with the help of nanotechnology. Their mechanisms of action used in the treatment of cancer and potential for further development are all anticipated. Humanity Publications Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/emerging-trends-in-nanotheranostics-platinumbased-drug-delivery-systems-for-cancer-treatment https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394367 2023-06-30 gdddr

Investigation of Placental Modifications in Patients with Preeclampsia: Examination using Light and Electron Microscopy Nighat Ara Waqas Ali Muhammad Kabir Khan Afridi Mehak e Fatima Noor Ul Haram Placental Modification Preeclampsia Microscopy Ultrastructural Alteration Preeclampsia can have an effect on both the mother's health as well as the unborn child, and it only occurs during gestation and after delivery. Proteins in urine as well as high levels of blood pressure are two signs of this disease that advances swiftly. The study's goal was to look at the histology and to examine for ultrastructural alterations in the placentas of preeclampsia-affected pregnancies. Slices of paraffin were made from placenta specimens used for light microscopic analysis while an electron microscope with scanning technology was employed to produce and observe specimens for ultrastructural analysis. The syncytiotrophoblast layer nuclei were found to be arranged in many sprouts and lengthy anastomosing strands, according to light microscopic examinations. The foetal placental capillaries receded up to total absence as the villus connective tissue core gradually contracted. Endothelial degeneration and atheromatous changes were present in placental stem arteries, whereas endothelial degeneration, escalating fibrosis, and obliteration were seen in lower decidual arterioles. These results are compatible with a rise in fetoplacental vascular impedance, which was shown to be present when lacking end-diastolic flow velocity was established that it existed in the umbilical artery just before birth. The results clarify how this issue has interfered with the movement of nutrients and gas. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Khyber Medical University Institute of Medical Sciences, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Forensic Medicine, Rawal Institute of Health and Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. Bachelor of Surgery and Bachelor of Medicine, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/investigation-of-placental-modifications-in-patients-with-preeclampsia-examination-using-light-and-electron-microscopy https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394410 2023-06-30 gdddr

Serum Levels of Erythropoietin in Patients with Anemia and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Adam Fazli Rabbi Malaika Khan Maryam Shaid Ullah Mohammad Israr Somaya Noor Bibi Hajira Ishaq Nanomedicines Platinum Drugs Chemotherapeutic Pharmacological drugs Nanotechnology is the most common and frequently used technology that aims to improve the efficacy of medical procedures, sometimes known as Nanomedicine. With their impressive pharmacological efficacy as nanomedicines and delivery systems, nano materials have been recognized as attractive diagnostic and chemotherapeutic tools to treat diseases. To treat a wide range of solid malignant tumors, Drugs built on platinum complexes are now the foundation for many other therapies. They are often used to treat a variety of solid tumors in the clinic, including head and neck, colorectal, lung and other malignancies. Cell-specific targeting with nano-carriers is possible using both active and passive techniques. This paper provides a thorough overview of platinum-based drug delivery system with the help of nanotechnology. Their mechanisms of action used in the treatment of cancer and potential for further development are all anticipated. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Biochemistry, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Physiology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Physiology, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/serum-levels-of-erythropoietin-in-patients-with-anemia-and-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394466 2023-06-30 gdddr

Association of Hydrocephalus Etiology, Infection Rate, and Age at Shunt Placement: A Retrospective Analysis of 150 Cases Muhammad Idris Khan Adnan Munir Syed Aziz Hajra Zahid Hydrocephalus Cerebral Fluid Shunt Retrospective Analysis Aetiology Infection Rate Age at Shunt Placement Meningomyelocele Acetazolamide Furosemide his retrospective research examined 150 people five years after their initial cerebral fluid shunt. Hydrocephalus aetiology, infection rates, and shunt age were investigated. Medical records were evaluated for hydrocephalus aetiology, surgical evaluations of under-one-year-olds, infection rates, and treatments. Statistics examined hydrocephalus aetiology, infection rate, and age. Meningomyelocele was 40%, obstructed or congenital communication 33%, tumours 18%, and meningitis or intraventricular haemorrhage the remainder. 83% of surgeries were on under-12-month-olds, 18% on newborns. 33 infections resulted from 22% per person and 6% each surgery. Seniors had lower infection rates (P < 0.01) than meningomyelocele patients (P=0.06). Meningomyelocele and congenital hydrocephalus patients require age-related infection studies. Shunting after two weeks may reduce meningomyelocele infection rates. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Trainee Registrar, Department of Neurosurgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Medical Officer, Department of Neurosurgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/association-of-hydrocephalus-etiology-infection-rate-and-age-at-shunt-placement-a-retrospective-analysis-of-150-cases https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Evolutionary Study of DGAT1 Gene Indicates the Presence of Positive Selection in Mammals Bushra Rehman Rabiya Nasir Hira Ikram Aiman Umar Evolutionary Study DGAT1 Mammals Positive Selection Variation This study was focused on the evolving role of DGAT1 using phylogenetic analysis. DGAT1 was retrieved from available databases of 37 mammalian genomes to detect signatures of positive selection in individual codons. Evolutionary analyses likelihood (REL), fast unconstrained Bayesian approximation (FUBAR), and Mixed-effects model evolution (MEME). REL detected 3 positive selection sites (at 109, 195, and 211 positions), and MEME detected 20 sites. Among them, 211 sites were confirmed as a strong positive selection of the DGAT1 gene. The codon model evolution (CME) model clustered amino acid substitution rates at three class levels (0.06, 0.20, and 0.40). Multiple hit tests showed that 20 of the DGAT1 triplet codes for amino acid formation were changed into new codes. In which, the GAC code for aspartate and GTC for valine had the maximum counts of 14 and 16. Strong evidence of positive selection of the DGAT1 gene in mammals was found. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/evolutionary-study-of-dgat1-gene-indicates-the-presence-of-positive-selection-in-mammals https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394510 2023-06-30 gdddr

An Experience of Supine PCNL in Tertiary Care Hospital in Gujranwala, Pakistan Khalid Hussain Hussain Maria Tariq Ali Umair Tariq Bilal Ahmed Bilal Akhtar Jawad Ahmed PCNL Renal Stones Tertiary Care Hospital A prospective analytical study was conducted at the Urology Department of Gujranwala Teaching Hospital from January 2022 to April 2023. The aim was to experience the safety & efficacy of supine PCNL performed at tertiary care hospital at Gujranwala which is being performed in few centers in Pakistan. A total of 98 patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) were included in the study. The majority of patients presented with flank pain. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 67 cases, and 31 patients became stone-free after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Post-operative complications wereminimal, with only two cases of sepsis and 10 cases of post-operative fever. No mortality was reported during the study. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was found to be the preferred treatment option for renal stones larger than 20mm, offering a high stone-free rate and low complication rates. Further advancements in treatment modalities may help reduce complications and improve outcomes. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor (Head), Department of Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. PGR, Department of Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. MBBS Student, Gujranwala Medical College, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. PGR, Department of Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. PGR, Department of Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. PGR, Department of Urology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/an-experience-of-supine-pcnl-in-tertiary-care-hospital-in-gujranwala-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Efficacy of Ultrasound‐Guided Double Lumen Central Venous Catheter Insertion in Minimizing Mechanical Complications and Bloodstream Infections: An Empirical Evidence of Pakistan Khalid Hussain Attiq Ur Rehman Khan Salman Athar Qureshi Ali Umair Tariq Maria Tariq Bilal Ahmed Dialysis DLC Ultrasound The aim of the study was to compare the outcomes of ultrasound‐guided double‐lumen central venous catheter (DLC) insertion and without ultrasound guidance in reducing mechanical complications and bloodstream infections. This quasi‐experimental study was conducted at Urology Department in collaboration with the Anesthesia department at GMC Teaching Hospital Gujranwala. The study had 60 insertions in each group. The insertion duration ranged from 8‐50 days in Group A and 9‐60 days in the B group. Placements were done at the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins. Four patients in Group A and five patients in Group B experienced catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSI), but the difference was not significant. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was 0‐10 in Group A and 0‐8 in Group B. Group A had no mechanical complications, while three patients in Group B experienced manageable complications. In conclusion, ultrasound‐guided DLC placement improves safety but does not reduce CRBSI. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Urology, GMC /Gujranwala Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, GMC/ Gujranwala Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesia, GMC/ Gujranwala Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Student MBBS, Gujranwala Medical College, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. PGR, Department of Urology, GMC/ Gujranwala Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. PGR, Department of Urology, GMC/ Gujranwala Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/efficacy-of-ultrasoundguided-double-lumen-central-venous-catheter-insertion-in-minimizing-mechanical-complications-and-bloodstream-infections-an-empirical-evidence-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Quasi-Experimental Study On Tachyphylaxis In Psychiatric Patients Abid Khan Tachyphylaxis Rothschild Scale for Antidepressant Tachyphylaxis (RSAT) Anti- Psychotic medication The objective of the present ex-post facto study is to the prevalence of tachyphylaxis in patients using psychotropic drugs. Method: As a quasi-experimental style of study, 100 participants were purposively selected who were admitted to the rehabilitation centre for the treatment of substance-induced disorders, Psychotic disorders, Bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders and being treated with medication. The age range was 18 to 60 years. An Urdu-translated version of the Rothschild Scale for Antidepressant Tachyphylaxis (RSAT) was used to find out the prevalence of tachyphylaxis in patients. Results: A significant number of patients were found with tachyphylaxis after treatment of 6 or more than six months as they were being treated with antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, tranquillizers and narcotics. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Psychology, Department of Pharmacy, SZABIST University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/quasiexperimental-study-on-tachyphylaxis-in-psychiatric-patients https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Albumin Overview and Its Purification Method Bushra Rehman Hira Ikram Rabia Nasir Aiman Umar Nanoparticles Pharmacokinetic Intracellular Infiltration Liposomes Drug researchers are currently studying the use of nanoparticles in drug delivery in great detail. In general, a medication's pharmacokinetic and tissue appropriation profiles can be changed, intracellular infiltration and appropriation can be improved, and a drug's absorption can be improved by dispersing the drug via the epithelium. The ability of nanoparticulate frameworks to tolerate physiological pressure—that is, their increased organic stability and oral conveyance plausibility—is one of their key advantages. As such, they offer a more appealing drug delivery solution than liposomes. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Rahman Medical Institute, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/albumin-overview-and-its-purification-method https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394819 2023-06-30 gdddr

Drug vs Self-Care Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Knowledge and Practices of Women Attending Antenatal Clinics of Faisalabad Maham Riaz Rabia Fazeelat Shazia Kousar Noor Fatima Knowledge GDM Self‐Care and Management Practices Gestational diabetes mellitus is a significant and growing global health issue. Objectives: To assess the knowledge of women attending antenatal clinics in Faisalabad regarding GDM and its self‐care management practices. Methodology: A descriptive cross‐sectional study. The study's duration was 4 months from February 2023 to May 2023 and study setting areas included Allied Hospital Faisalabad and District Head Quatre Hospital Faisalabad. The population included women attending antenatal clinics in Faisalabad regarding GDM and its self‐care management practices were assessed using a self‐structured questionnaire. Results: Among the total of 384 participants, the majority (253; 65.9%) were less than 30 years old. Mostly (365; 95.1%) women are married. Mostly (201; 52.3%) are 26‐30 years old during marriage. Mostly (160; 41.7%) are 1‐5 Years have passed years of marriage. The results revealed that the majority of the participant nurses had an average level of practice 49.99%, below average level of attitude 22.52% and a satisfactory level of knowledge, 82.33%. Humanity Publications General Nurse, Children Hospital Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. General Nurse, Children Hospital Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. General Nurse, Allied Hospital Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. General Nurse, Aziz Fatima Hospital, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/drug-vs-selfcare-management-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-knowledge-and-practices-of-women-attending-antenatal-clinics-of-faisalabad https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394816 2023-09-30 gdddr

Prescribing Practices of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Tertiary Care Hospital Ahmad Ali Maria Naz Bakhtiari Amna Shahid Antibiotics Broad-spectrum Prescribing practices Tertiary care hospitals Descriptive observational Chart review Empirical prescription Antibiotics stewardship Culture samples Antimicrob Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms. This study aims to find the prescribing practices of broad-spectrum antibiotics in tertiary care hospitals. It is a descriptive observational chart review of patients who have been prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics in Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar and data is collected using a standardized chart obtained from the World Health Organization and then analyzed using software such as Microsoft Excel and Statistical software. The results suggested that the frequency and percentage of the broad spectrum antibiotics are high and most broad-spectrum antibiotics prescribed are empirical. Furthermore, the study suggests that educational programs such as antibiotics stewardship programs should be utilized to educate the prescriber in the hospital, which aims to reduce the risks and various complications associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Culture samples are required before administration of antimicrobials. Frequent reassessment of the patient's condition and antimicrobial therapy may be indicated. Humanity Publications Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/prescribing-practices-of-broadspectrum-antibiotics-in-tertiary-care-hospital https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Cannabis Abusers Presenting to Psychiatry OPD Khyber Teaching Hospital Taimur Khan Shandana Qazi Abdul Shakoor Shah Fahad Cannabis Abuse Anxiety Disorders GAD The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and cannabis usage within the general population. Furthermore, the study aimed to explore the levels of generalized anxiety disorder among individuals with different demographic characteristics associated with cannabis use. A total of 123 individuals with a history of cannabis use participated in the study. Data were collected from male participants aged 18 and above at the Khyber Teaching Hospital OPD. A standardized Urdu‐translated version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) scale was utilized to assess symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The findings revealed that various demographic characteristics, such as younger age, education level, and socioeconomic status, were significantly associated with generalized anxiety disorder. This suggests that younger individuals with lower levels of education and socioeconomic status were more vulnerable to developing anxiety symptoms among cannabis users. The study's findings may be beneficial for targeted interventions and for identifying the challenges faced by individuals from various demographic backgrounds who use cannabis. Humanity Publications Post Graduate Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Post Graduate Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Post Graduate Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Post Graduate Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/prevalence-of-generalized-anxiety-disorder-in-cannabis-abusers-presenting-to-psychiatry-opd-khyber-teaching-hospital https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394875 2023-09-30 gdddr

Isolation of Amylase Producing Bacteria From Soil of Peshawar Region and its Biochemical Characterization Hira Ikram Bushra Rehman Hajra Afeera Hamid Dur-E-Najaf Khan Aiman Omer Sanam Islam Khan Amylase Grams Iodine Amylase-degrading Species Morphological Amylases are a class of biocatalyst enzymes that may break down the amylase biomass that is produced by many different microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, and is found in the natural environment. The generation of amylase by an isolated amylase-producing microbe is the focus of the current study. Three soil samples from various locations in the Peshawar region were taken in order to isolate the strain that produces amylase. Using iodine solution and activity zone approaches, all isolated colonies were tested. Only three bacterial colonies out of 16 strains produced amylase in a favourable manner. Tests using morphological and biochemical analysis were then used to characterize these bacterial isolates, which were given the names MB7, MD2, and MD4. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology & Biotechnology, University of Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Benazir Shaheed Women University, Larama, KP, Pakistan. Department of Microbiology, Quid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/isolation-of-amylase-producing-bacteria-from-soil-of-peshawar-region-and-its-biochemical-characterization https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394900 2023-09-30 gdddr

Antibacterial, Antifungal and Phytotoxic Pharmacological Profiling of Different Extracts of Lespedesea Gerardiana Bushra Rehman Hajra Afira Ahmad Aiman Umar Dur-E-Najaf Khan Muhammad Kashif Numan Saleh Zada Methanolic Extract Salmonella Typhi Bacillus Cereus Proteus Merabilus This study is based on phytochemical properties of L. gerardiana, as well as the pharmacological and biological activities of crude methanolic extract (Crd. MeOH Ext.) and other fractions. A range of pharmacological and biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, were examined in Crd. MeOH Extract and different plant fractions. The results of the pharmacological and biological examinations showed that the chloroform (CHCl3) fraction had good antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi (48.0%), Bacillus cereus, Proteus merabilus (50.0%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (57.1%). Also demonstrating strong (55.5%) antibacterial activity against S. typhi was the n‐hexane fraction. Low phytotoxicity was demonstrated by the plant materials at 1000 and 100μg/ml concentrations. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of MLT and Biotechnology, University of Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Research officer, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Scientific Officer, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/antibacterial-antifungal-and-phytotoxic-pharmacological-profiling-of-different-extracts-of-lespedesea-gerardiana https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:395055 2023-09-30 gdddr

Perception, Practice, Reasons, and Challenges for Drug Shortage in Community Pharmacies of Pakistan, Lahore Hamid Saeed Muhammad Nabeel Pakeeza Zainab Drug Drug Shortage Community Pharmacies Health Care Medication shortages are a global issue that disrupts pharmacy services and negatively impacts patient care. The Drug Regulatory Authority Pakistan (DRAP) has set a benchmark for the drugs and medication supply committee. This study was conducted in five key regions of Pakistan and found that 55% of physicians and pharmacists encountered medication shortages. This study aimed to assess the perception, practice,reasons, and challenges for Drug Shortage in community pharmacies of Pakistan, Lahore. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional study of 471 Community Pharmacists and Technicians in Lahore. The data was collected through a comprehensive instrument designed after an extensive literature review. There were significant differences in the frequency distribution between pharmacists and technicians based on gender, marital status, area of residence, education, type of retail outlet, and working experience. Factors contributing to shortages include supply issues, misunderstandings, regulatory issues, poor inventory trends, and price spikes Humanity Publications Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Akhtar Saeed College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bahria Town, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/perception-practice-reasons-and-challenges-for-drug-shortage-in-community-pharmacies-of-pakistan-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394821 2023-12-30 gdddr

Optimization of Pseudomonas putida SOL10 Biosurfactant Production Using Cost-Effective Substrates Aiman Umar Sadia Aslam Safia Ahmed Bushra Rehman Hira Ikram Biosurfactants Biodegradability Yeast Extract Pseudomonas Putida SOL10 Natural resources as a substitute energy source in recent technological advancements have resulted in the production of biosurfactants. In order to reduce production costs and maximise yield, the current work replaces expensive yeast extract with less expensive substrates and optimises temperature, pH, and agitation. Pseudomonas putida SOL10 produced biosurfactants using a variety of substrates, such as red beans, molasses, whey, potato peels, olive oil, castor oil, crude oil, kerosene oil, and leftover cooking oil. These sources were utilised singly with an inducer, urea. Surface tension and oil displacement assays were used to measure the generation of biosurfactants. The combination of 1% potato peels, 2% leftover cooking oil, and 0.1% urea produced the highest amount of biosurfactant at 30ËšC, 9.5 pH, and 150 rpm of agitation. There was a drop in surface tension of up to 29 mN/m with a 6.7 cm ODA zone. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Microbiology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/optimization-of-pseudomonas-putida-sol10-biosurfactant-production-using-costeffective-substrates- https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394873 2023-12-30 gdddr

Ethnopharmacology Through Time: Tracing the Utilization of Folk Medicines in Malakand Division Nangyalay Khan Meena Hameed Arab Naz Folk Medicine Malakand Division Ethnobotany Disease and Archaeology This study explores ethnopharmacology through time in Malakand Division by revealing the historical and contemporary use of folk medicines. Malakand region serves as a gateway to various districts and tribal areas and possesses a cultural and archaeological heritage from ancient civilizations to the present day. Employing an interdisciplinary approach involving anthropology, pharmacology, and botany, the research traces historical footprints of medicinal plant use across diverse cultures. Approximately 80% of the world's population relies on traditional medicines and is facing challenges of over-exploitation of medicinal plant resources. Pakistan's diverse climates offer a wealth of medicinal herbs. The mixed-method methodology combines qualitative and quantitative techniques, revealing the persistence of ancient medical practices. The results showcase 48 herbal remedies associated with 46 plant species, emphasizing the integral role of plant-based treatments in the local healthcare system. Specific remedies for various ailments, along with a percentage distribution of plant parts used in remedies, highlight the versatility and resilience of plant-based medicine in the region. This exploration through time uncovers the untold stories of plant-based remedies and underscores the potential of traditional knowledge in addressing contemporary healthcare challenges. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of Archaeology University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. Gynecologist, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/ethnopharmacology-through-time-tracing-the-utilization-of-folk-medicines-in-malakand-division https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:394907 2023-12-30 gdddr

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Lespedesea Gerardiana Bushra Rehman Aiman Umer Muhammad Kashif Aman Hajra Afeera Hamid Danish Iqbal Sanam Islam Khan Antioxidant Activity β‐Sitosterol Ursolic Acid and Stigmasterol The World Health Organization (WHO) is giving more prominence to promoting traditional medicine, particularly, in third‐world countries. The global market of medicinal plants is estimated at over US$ 60.0 billion which is expected to grow up to US$ 5.0 trillion by the year 2050. In Pakistan, the bill for the import of medicinal plants was worth US$ 31.0 million, whereas the export of medicinal plants could hardly reach US$ 6.0 million. In the world, 30% of the pharmaceutical preparations are manufactured from plants. Keeping in view the potential of the global and local market, we conducted our current research work entitled Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Lespedesea gerardiana” The present dissertation comprises: Pharmacological/Biological activities of crude methanolic extract (Crd. MeOH Ext.),various fractions and phytochemical study of L. gerardiana. Crd. MeOH Ext. and various fractions of the plant were investigated for various pharmacological/biological activities including, Brine‐shrimp lethality, Haemagglutination, and Insecticidal and Antioxidant assay. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Research officer, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology & Biotechnology, University of Bannu, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Medicinal Botanical Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Laboratories Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Senior Scientific Officer, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/phytochemical-and-pharmacological-investigation-of-lespedesea-gerardiana https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:395037 2023-12-30 gdddr

Multiple Malignancies in Relation to Vitamin D Levels Among Women of Reproductive Age Rashida Naseer Naseer Haider Cheema Quratulain Ikram Malignancy Reproductive age Vitamin D levels Prevention Apoptosis Prognosis The global burden of cancer, with deaths projected to increase from 7.6 million to 13.1 million by 2030, calls for urgent research into potential mitigating factors, such as Vitamin D levels. This study specifically addresses the correlation between Vitamin D and cancer prevalence among women of reproductive age, scrutinizing variables like age, socioeconomic background, and geographic location. Conducted at Fauji Foundation Hospital's Oncology department through detailed questionnaires, the study analyzes Vitamin D levels in newly diagnosed female cancer patients. While a significant direct association with cancer occurrence was not established, an alarming rate of Vitamin D deficiency and high obesity risk were noted. Furthermore, the study indicates an inverse relation between Vitamin D levels, sun exposure, and certain patient demographics. These findings underscore the necessity of considering environmental and lifestyle factors in cancer prevention strategies. Humanity Publications Medical Officer in Charge (MOIC), Oncology Ward, Department of Oncology, Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Information Systems, Riphah Institute of System Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan. Medical Officer in Charge (MOIC), Gyne Ward, Citymed Hospital, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/multiple-malignancies-in-relation-to-vitamin-d-levels-among-women-of-reproductive-age https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:395053 2023-12-30 gdddr

Biotechnological Advancements in Streptokinase Production Muhammad Asim Faiza Mushtaq Minahil Qadeer Sidra Sarwar Areej Ali Maryam Ahmad Streptokinase Enzyme Engineering Recombinant Streptokinase Streptokinase Gene Cloning This article offers a deep analysis of activating streptokinase which looks into the biotechnological challenges and future perspectives. One of the main problems associated with streptokinase is its short half-life, complex production process, and immunogenicity which hinders patients from getting a successful reperfusion. Yet, the development of biotechnology methods that would not face these drawbacks, such as the strategy of recombinant streptokinase production and enzyme engineering theories, is a promise. This paper aims to provide an overview of biotechnological breakthroughs in the production of streptokinase with a focus on discovering long-lasting formulations exhibiting less immunogenicity and in addition the economic viability and scalability of biotechnological production processes. This article also gives the comping image of known purification methods like chromatography, ultrafiltration, and I-A chromatography for the separation and purification of streptokinase. In addition, the author presents the advantage of such suitable production technologies as cell-free production systems and E. Coli system optimization, such as recombinant streptokinase synthesis in Yeast systems. Biotechnology is turning out to be a new area, having a future boom due to the rising innovation and demand that are associated with the prospects revealed by the market trends. Humanity Publications Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/biotechnological-advancements-in-streptokinase-production https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:395258 2024-03-30 gdddr

Global Prevalence and Mortality of Type-2 Diabetes from 1990 to 2019, with Future Projections to 2023 and 2050: a Systematic Review Hafiz Muhammad Usman Abid Muhammad Hanif Muhammad Naveed Bin Afzal Muhammad Azeem Dur e Shahwar Khalid Mahmood Type-2 Diabetes Prevalence Mortality Forecast Type-2 diabetes (T2DM) is a key public health issue due to its high prevalence and mortality rate. This review estimates future global trends in T2DM prevalence and mortality using the Forecast exponential smoothing (ETS) model. By 2050, estimated prevalence and mortality for all ages are 10.23% and 2.05 million, respectively, and for adults (>20 years) are 11.97% and 1.9 million. Obesity and high BMI are key risk factors. Mortality is higher in adults due to polypharmacy and complications. T2DM prevalence and mortality will continue to rise alarmingly. Urgent international and national measures are needed to address this burden. Collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and policymakers is crucial for optimal health planning and mitigating the impact of T2DM. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Tahseen Ahmad Cheema Institute, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/global-prevalence-and-mortality-of-type2-diabetes-from-1990-to-2019-with-future-projections-to-2023-and-2050-a-systematic-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2024(IX-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:395312 2024-03-30 gdddr

Innovation of Custom-Made Silicone Insoles for Diabetic Patients Asra Maqbool Saleh Shah Saad Saleem Laraib Hyperglycemia Silicon Insoles Neuropathy Silicone Gel Diabetic Ulcers Diabetic foot ulcers, caused by diabetes-related nerve and blood vessel damage, can lead to amputations. Silicone insoles help prevent ulcers but are often expensive. Affordable, customized insoles are available, making prevention more accessible. This research aims to create affordable, locally manufactured silicone insoles for diabetic foot ulcers, reducing costs and improving accessibility. A six-month study at the Pakistan Rehabilitation Center assessed the quality of life in diabetic foot ulcer patients using the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ). After four weeks of using silicone insoles, participants experienced significant improvements in foot health, pain relief, and mobility. They reported easier daily tasks and enhanced social interaction. Over four weeks, silicone insoles greatly improved foot health, reduced pain, and enhanced daily functioning and social interaction. The degree of improvement varied according to the initial severity of participants' conditions. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab Pakistan. Manager Research and Quality, Chal Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/innovation-of-custommade-silicone-insoles-for-diabetic-patients https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2024(IX-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:395373 2024-03-30 gdddr

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticle, their Characterization Using Melia Azedrach Leaves Extract and its Phytochemical Analysis Naima Aslam Aneela Bashir Sidra Inyat Sadaf Shahzad Akhter Wajeeha Akhter Melia Azedarach Iron Nanoparticle FeCl3 Salt UV-Vis Spectroscopy FTIR The research aimed to create eco-friendly, affordable, and stable Iron Nanoparticles using Melia Azedarach plant extract and FeCl3 salt. The process involved extracting methanol, creating a solution, and combining it with FeCl3 salt. The nanoparticles were analyzed using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The study confirmed the synthesis of nanoparticles through visual examination and UV-Vis analysis, revealing a color shift from green to dark brownish-blackish and a high absorption peak at 430nm.FT-IR data showed a peak in iron nanoparticle samples, indicating O-H stretching in the phenolic group and C=O stretching in the carbonyl group. Phytochemical results showed cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, and steroids in Melia Azedarach plant extract. This research concluded that the Melia Azedarach plant leaf extract has the potential to create easy, affordable, environmentally stable, and biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles. Humanity Publications Mphil Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. M. Phil, Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Mphil Scholar, Department of Biochemistry Abdul Wali Khan University, KP, Pakistan. Mphil Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.sc, Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/green-synthesis-of-iron-nanoparticle-their-characterization-using-melia-azedrach-leaves-extract-and-its-phytochemical-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2024(IX-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:395335 2024-06-30 gdddr

Development of Shuttle Lock Suspension System for Transtibial Prosthetic Users Muhammad Asif Saad Saleem Laraib Awais Aslam Hafeez ul Rehman Shuttle Lock Residual Limb Suspension Adjustability Comfort A well-designed prosthetic suspension system is essential for keeping the residual limb securely inside the prosthetic socket. It greatly affects the mobility and satisfaction of amputees. Although many suspension systems are available for transtibial amputees but expensive. To create and test a locally-made Shuttle Lock suspension system that is more affordable. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the newly developed Shuttle Lock suspension system made locally. The locally-made Shuttle Lock suspension system was well-received by users, providing a comfortable, secure, and durable solution for transtibial prosthesis users. The shuttle lock suspension system covers the residual limb and the prosthetic socket to provide a lock and secure system that is easy to use, although areas of difficulty which included misalignment and pressure concerns were noted, they were small compared to the fact that it was easy to put on and take off. Humanity Publications MS, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan. Manager Research & Quality, Chal Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/development-of-shuttle-lock-suspension-system-for-transtibial-prosthetic-users https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2024(IX-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:395492 2024-09-30 gdddr

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping for Disease Resistance in Crop Species Using Advanced Biostatistical Approaches Hafiza Sadia Rasool Shagufta Muhammad Hanif Nida Khanim Quantitative Trait Loci Disease Resistance Crop Breeding Biostatistics Genomic Selection Phenotyping Machine Learning Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) However, continued mapping of the genetic region(s) in disease resistance in crop species is indispensable for the development of high-yielding, robust crop species. Phenotypic trait-based QTL mapping is a bridge between a specific genomic region and a genetic marker of resistance to disease on the population level or to a translated genetic marker of disease resistance. Using advanced biostatistical methods, such as mixed models and Bayesian inference, this study increases the accuracy and resolution of QTL identification (e.g., wheat, rice, and maize). It is found that a more robust analysis can furnish additional robustness that considers the interaction of environment and genetic variance and population structure, both significant yet frequently neglected facets in standard QTL mapping. By combining crop breeders with genomics-based cutting-edge biostatistical tools, we can choose plants resistant to disease. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Federal Urdu University Arts and Science Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University and Science Technology, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/quantitative-trait-loci-qtl-mapping-for-disease-resistance-in-crop-species-using-advanced-biostatistical-approaches https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2024(IX-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gdddrjournal.com:395800 2025-09-30 gdddr

Complementary Nutrition and Supplement Use in Oncology: Enhancing Outcomes or Complicating Care? A Comprehensive Review Muhammad Adnan Muhammad Faisal Ahtasham Saleem Hafiz Shaheryar Leghari Cancer Therapy Chemoprevention Complementary Medicine Drug-Supplement Interactions Oncology Nutrition Cancer patients are increasingly using nutritional supplements, which raises questions about safety as well as possible advantages. This review looks at the functions of vitamins, probiotics, polyphenols, and immune-boosting foods in cancer treatment. Certain supplements can enhance treatment results, lower inflammation, or boost the immune system, but others might be harmful, particularly if taken unsupervised. Their safe usage is complicated by interactions with chemotherapeutic medicines, variations in supplement formulations, and individual variances (e.g. gut microbiota, genetics). Clinical application is further restricted by varied study designs and a lack of established protocols. In order to make sure supplements help cancer treatment rather than impede it, this study highlights the need for patient-provider communication, individualized approaches, and more thorough research. Humanity Publications Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate (Food Science and Nutrition), Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Agriculture, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. 2025-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gdddrjournal.com/article/complementary-nutrition-and-supplement-use-in-oncology-enhancing-outcomes-or-complicating-care-a-comprehensive-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2025(X-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Drug Design &amp; Development Review Volume 10, Issue 3 Pakistan